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நிறுவன பெயரின் முதல் சில எழுத்துக்களை நிரப்பி 'கோ' பட்டனை கிளிக் செய்யவும்

Infosys Ltd. நிறுவனத்தின் கணக்கியல் கொள்கைகள்

Mar 31, 2023

1. Overview

1.1 Company overview

Infosys Limited ("the Company" or Infosys) provides consulting, technology, outsourcing and next-generation digital services, to enable clients to execute strategies for their digital transformation. Infosys'' strategic objective is to build a sustainable organization that remains relevant to the agenda of clients, while creating growth opportunities for employees and generating profitable returns for investors. Infosys'' strategy is to be a navigator for our clients as they ideate, plan and execute on their journey to a digital future.

The Company is a public limited company incorporated and domiciled in India, and has its registered office at Electronics City, Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560100, Karnataka, India. The Company has its primary listings on the BSE Ltd. and National Stock Exchange of India Limited. The Company''s American Depositary Shares (ADS) representing equity shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).

The Standalone financial statements are approved for issue by the Company''s Board of Directors on April 13, 2023.

1.2 Basis of preparation of financial statements

These Standalone financial statements are prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS), under the historical cost convention on accrual basis, except for certain financial instruments which are measured at fair values, the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 (''''the Act'''') and guidelines issued by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). The Ind AS are prescribed under Section 133 of the Act read with Rule 3 of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 and relevant amendment rules issued thereafter.

Accounting policies have been consistently applied, except where a newly-issued accounting standard is initially adopted or a revision to an existing accounting standard requires a change in the accounting policy hitherto in use.

As the year-end figures are taken from the source and rounded to the nearest digits, the figures reported for the previous quarters might not always add up to the year-end figures reported in this statement.

1.3 Use of estimates and judgments

The preparation of the Standalone financial statements in conformity with Ind AS requires the management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions. These estimates, judgments and assumptions affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the Standalone financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. The application of accounting policies that require critical accounting estimates, which involve complex and subjective judgments and the use of assumptions in these financial statements, have been disclosed

in Note 1.4. Accounting estimates could change from period to period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Appropriate changes in estimates are made as management becomes aware of changes in circumstances surrounding the estimates. Changes in estimates and judgements are reflected in the financial statements in the period in which changes are made and, if material, their effects are disclosed in the notes to the Standalone financial statements.

1.4 Critical accounting estimates and judgments

a. Revenue recognition

The Company''s contracts with customers include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. Revenues from customer contracts are considered for recognition and measurement when the contract has been approved, in writing, by the parties to the contract, the parties to contract are committed to perform their respective obligations under the contract, and the contract is legally enforceable. The Company assesses the services promised in a contract and identifies distinct performance obligations in the contract. Identification of distinct performance obligations to determine the deliverables and the ability of the customer to benefit independently from such deliverables, and allocation of transaction price to these distinct performance obligations involves significant judgment.

Fixed-price maintenance revenue is recognized ratably on a straight-line basis when services are performed through an indefinite number of repetitive acts over a specified period. Revenue from fixed-price maintenance contract is recognized ratably using a percentage of completion method when the pattern of benefits from the services rendered to the customer and the Company''s costs to fulfil the contract is not even through the period of the contract because the services are generally discrete in nature and not repetitive. The use of method to recognize the maintenance revenues requires judgment and is based on the promises in the contract and nature of the deliverables.

The Company uses the percentage-of-completion method in accounting for other fixed-price contracts. Use of the percentage-of-completion method requires the Company to determine the actual efforts or costs expended to date as a proportion of the estimated total efforts or costs to be incurred. Efforts or costs expended have been used to measure progress towards completion as there is a direct relationship between input and productivity. The estimation of total efforts or costs involves significant judgement and is assessed throughout the period of the contract to reflect any changes based on the latest available information.

Contracts with customers include subcontractor services or third-party vendor equipment or software in certain integrated services arrangements. In these types of arrangements, revenue from sales of third-party vendor products or services is recorded net of costs when the Company is acting as an agent between the customer and the vendor, and gross when the Company is the principal for the transaction. In doing so, the Company first

evaluates whether it controls the good or service before it is transferred to the customer. The Company considers whether it has the primary obligation to fulfil the contract, inventory risk, pricing discretion and other factors to determine whether it controls the goods or service and therefore, is acting as a principal or an agent.

Provisions for estimated losses, if any, on incomplete contracts are recorded in the period in which such losses become probable, based on the estimated efforts or costs to complete the contract.

b. Income taxes

The Company''s two major tax jurisdictions are India and the United States, though the Company also files tax returns in other overseas jurisdictions.

Significant judgments are involved in determining the provision for income taxes, including amount expected to be paid / recovered for uncertain tax positions.

In assessing the realizability of deferred income tax assets, Management considers whether some portion or all of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred income tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which the temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversals of deferred income tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based on the level of historical taxable income and projections for future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred income tax assets are deductible, the Management believes that the Company will realize the benefits of those deductible differences. The amount of the deferred income tax assets considered realizable, however, could be reduced in the near term if estimates of future taxable income during the carry forward period are reduced (Refer to Note 2.17).

c. Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment represent a significant proportion of the asset base of the Company. The charge in respect of periodic depreciation is derived after determining an estimate of an asset''s expected useful life and the expected residual value at the end of its life. The useful lives and residual values of the Company''s assets are determined by the Management at the time the asset is acquired and reviewed periodically, including at each financial year end. The lives are based on historical experience with similar assets as well as anticipation of future events, which may impact their life, such as changes in technology (Refer to Note 2.1).

1.5 Recent accounting pronouncements

The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) notifies new standards or amendments to the existing standards under Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules as issued from time to time. On March 31, 2023, MCA amended the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2023, as below :

Ind AS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements - This amendment requires the entities to disclose their material accounting policies

rather than their significant accounting policies. The effective date for adoption of this amendment is annual periods beginning on or after April 1, 2023. The Company has evaluated the amendment and the impact of the amendment is insignificant in the standalone financial statements.

Ind AS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors - This amendment has introduced a definition of ''accounting estimates'' and included amendments to Ind AS 8 to help entities distinguish changes in accounting policies from changes in accounting estimates. The effective date for adoption of this amendment is annual periods beginning on or after April 1,2023. The Company has evaluated the amendment and there is no impact on its Standalone financial statements.

Ind AS 12, Income Taxes - This amendment has narrowed the scope of the initial recognition exemption so that it does not apply to transactions that give rise to equal and offsetting temporary differences. The effective date for adoption of this amendment is annual periods beginning on or after April 1,2023. The Company has evaluated the amendment and there is no impact on its Standalone financial statements.

2. Notes to the Standalone financial statements

2.1 Property, plant and equipment Accounting policy

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and impairment, if any. Costs directly attributable to acquisition are capitalized until the property, plant and equipment are ready for use, as intended by the Management. The charge in respect of periodic depreciation is derived at after determining an estimate of an asset''s expected useful life and the expected residual value at the end of its life. The Company depreciates property, plant and equipment over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method.

The estimated useful lives of assets are as follows :

Buildings (1)

22-25 years

Plant and machinery (1)(2)

5 years

Office equipment

5 years

Computer equipment (1)

3-5 years

Furniture and fixtures (1)

5 years

Vehicles (1)

5 years

Leasehold improvements

Lower of useful life of the asset or lease term

(1) Based on technical evaluation, the Management believes that the useful lives, as given above, best represent the period over which the Management expects to use these assets. Hence, the useful lives for these assets is different from the useful lives as prescribed under Part C of Schedule II of the Companies Act 2013.

(2) Includes solar plant with a useful life of 25 years.

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed periodically, including at each financial year end.

The useful lives are based on historical experience with similar assets as well as anticipation of future events, which may impact their life, such as changes in technology.

Advances paid towards the acquisition of property, plant and equipment outstanding at each Balance Sheet date is classified as capital advances under other non-current assets. The cost of assets not ready to use before such date are disclosed under ''Capital work-in-progress''. Subsequent expenditures relating to property, plant and equipment is capitalized only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with these will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. The cost and related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the financial statements upon sale or retirement of the asset.

Impairment

Property, plant and equipment are evaluated for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, the recoverable amount (i.e. the higher of the fair value less cost to sell and the value-in-use) is determined

on an individual asset basis unless the asset does not generate cash flows that are largely independent of those from other assets. In such cases, the recoverable amount is determined for the Cash Generating Unit (CGU) to which the asset belongs.

If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss is measured by the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeds the estimated recoverable amount of the asset. An impairment loss is reversed in the Statement of Profit and Loss if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. The carrying amount of the asset is increased to its revised recoverable amount, provided that this amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of any accumulated depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years.


Mar 31, 2022

1. Overview

1.1 Company overview

Infosys Limited ("the Company" or Infosys) provides consulting, technology, outsourcing and next-generation digital services, to enable clients to execute strategies for their digital transformation. Infosys strategic objective is to build a sustainable organization that remains relevant to the agenda of clients, while creating growth opportunities for employees and generating profitable returns for investors. Infosys strategy is to be a navigator for our clients as they ideate, plan and execute on their journey to a digital future.

The Company is a public limited company incorporated and domiciled in India and has its registered office at Electronic city, Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560100, Karnataka, India. The Company has its primary listings on the BSE Ltd. and National Stock Exchange of India Limited. The Company''s American Depositary Shares (ADS) representing equity shares are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).

The Standalone financial statements are approved for issue by the Company''s Board of Directors on April 13, 2022.

1.2 Basis of preparation of financial statements

These Standalone financial statements are prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS), under the historical cost convention on accrual basis except for certain financial instruments which are measured at fair values, the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 ("the Act") (to the extent notified) and guidelines issued by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). The Ind AS are prescribed under Section 133 of the Act read with Rule 3 of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 and relevant amendment rules issued there after.

Accounting policies have been consistently applied except where a newly-issued accounting standard is initially adopted or a revision to an existing accounting standard requires a change in the accounting policy hitherto in use.

As the year-end figures are taken from the source and rounded to the nearest digits, the figures reported for the previous quarters might not always add up to the year end figures reported in this statement.

1.3 Use of estimates and judgments

The preparation of the Standalone financial statements in conformity with Ind AS requires the Management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions. These estimates, judgments and assumptions affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. The application of accounting policies that require critical accounting estimates involving complex and subjective judgments and the use of assumptions in these financial statements have been disclosed in Note 1.4. Accounting estimates could change from period to period. Actual

results could differ from those estimates. Appropriate changes in estimates are made as the Management becomes aware of changes in circumstances surrounding the estimates. Changes in estimates are reflected in the financial statements in the period in which changes are made and, if material, their effects are disclosed in the notes to the Standalone financial statements.

Estimation of uncertainties relating to the global health pandemic from COVID-19 ("COVID-19")

The Company has considered the possible effects that may result from COVID-19 in the preparation of these Standalone financial statements including the recoverability of carrying amounts of financial and non-financial assets. In developing the assumptions relating to the possible future uncertainties in the global economic conditions because of this pandemic, the Company has, at the date of approval of these financial statements, used internal and external sources of information including credit reports and related information and economic forecasts and expects that the carrying amount of these assets will be recovered. The impact of COVID-19 on the Company''s financial statements may differ from that estimated as at the date of approval of these Standalone financial statements.

1.4 Critical accounting estimates and judgments

a. Revenue recognition

The Company''s contracts with customers include promises to transfer multiple products and services to a customer. Revenues from customer contracts are considered for recognition and measurement when the contract has been approved, in writing, by the parties to the contract, the parties to contract are committed to perform their respective obligations under the contract, and the contract is legally enforceable. The Company assesses the services promised in a contract and identifies distinct performance obligations in the contract. Identification of distinct performance obligations to determine the deliverables and the ability of the customer to benefit independently from such deliverables, and allocation of transaction price to these distinct performance obligations involves significant judgment.

Fixed-price maintenance revenue is recognized ratably on a straight-line basis when services are performed through an indefinite number of repetitive acts over a specified period. Revenue from fixed-price maintenance contract is recognized ratably using a percentage-of-completion method when the pattern of benefits from the services rendered to the customer and Company''s costs to fulfil the contract is not even through the period of the contract because the services are generally discrete in nature and not repetitive. The use of method to recognize the maintenance revenues requires judgment and is based on the promises in the contract and nature of the deliverables.

The Company uses the percentage-of-completion method in accounting for other fixed-price contracts. Use of the percentage-of-completion method requires the Company to determine the actual efforts or costs expended to date as a proportion of the estimated total efforts or costs to be incurred. Efforts or costs expended have been used to measure progress

towards completion as there is a direct relationship between input and productivity. The estimation of total efforts or costs involves significant judgment and is assessed throughout the period of the contract to reflect any changes based on the latest available information.

Provisions for estimated losses, if any, on incomplete contracts are recorded in the period in which such losses become probable based on the estimated efforts or costs to complete the contract.

b. Income taxes

The Company''s two major tax jurisdictions are India and the US, though the Company also files tax returns in other overseas jurisdictions.

Significant judgments are involved in determining the provision for income taxes, including amount expected to be paid / recovered for uncertain tax positions.

In assessing the realizability of deferred income tax assets, the Management considers whether some portion or all of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred income tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which the temporary differences become deductible.

The Management considers the scheduled reversals of deferred income tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based on the level of historical taxable income and projections for future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred income tax assets are deductible, the Management believes that the Company will realize the benefits of those deductible differences. The amount of the deferred income tax assets considered realizable, however, could be reduced in the near term if estimates of future taxable income during the carry forward period are reduced. Also, refer to Notes 2.17 and 2.23.

c. Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment represent a significant proportion of the asset base of the Company. The charge in respect of periodic depreciation is derived after determining an estimate of an asset''s expected useful life and the expected residual value at the end of its life. The useful lives and residual values of Company''s assets are determined by the Management at the time the asset is acquired and reviewed periodically, including at each financial year end. The lives are based on historical experience with similar assets as well as anticipation of future events, which may impact their life, such as changes in technology. Also, refer to Note 2.1.

1.5 Recent accounting pronouncements

The Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) notifies new standards or amendments to the existing standards under Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules as issued from time to time. On March 23, 2022, MCA amended the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2022, as below.

Ind AS 16, Property Plant and equipment - The amendment clarifies that excess of net sale proceeds of items produced over the cost of testing, if any, shall not be recognized in the profit or

loss but deducted from the directly attributable costs considered as part of cost of an item of property, plant, and equipment. The effective date for adoption of this amendment is annual periods beginning on or after April 1, 2022. The Company has evaluated the amendment and there is no impact on its Standalone financial statements.

Ind AS 37, Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets -The amendment specifies that the ''cost of fulfilling'' a contract comprises the ''costs that relate directly to the contract''. Costs that relate directly to a contract can either be incremental costs of fulfilling that contract (examples would be direct labor, materials) or an allocation of other costs that relate directly to fulfilling contracts (an example would be the allocation of the depreciation charge for an item of property, plant and equipment used in fulfilling the contract). The effective date for adoption of this amendment is annual periods beginning on or after April 1, 2022, although early adoption is permitted. The Company has evaluated the amendment and the impact is not expected to be material.

2. Notes to the financial statements

2.1 Property, plant and equipment Accounting policy

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and impairment, if any. Costs directly attributable to acquisition are capitalized until the property, plant and equipment are ready for use, as intended by the management. The charge in respect of periodic depreciation is derived at after determining an estimate of an asset''s expected useful life and the expected residual value at the end of its life. The Company depreciates property, plant and equipment over their estimated useful lives using the straightline method. The estimated useful lives of assets are as follows :

Building™

22-25 years

Plant and machinery™®

5 years

Office equipment

5 years

Computer equipment™

3-5 years

Furniture and fixtures™

5 years

Vehicles™

5 years

Leasehold improvements

Lower of useful life of the asset or lease term

(1) Based on technical evaluation, the Management believes that the useful lives as given above best represent the period over which the Management expects to use these assets. Hence, the useful lives for these assets is different from the useful lives as prescribed under Part C of Schedule II of the Companies Act 2013.

(2) Includes solar plant with a useful life of 20 years

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed periodically, including at each financial year end. The useful lives are based on historical experience with similar assets as well as anticipation of future events, which may impact their life, such as changes in technology.

Advances paid towards the acquisition of property, plant and equipment outstanding at each Balance Sheet date is classified as capital advances under other non-current assets and the cost of assets not ready to use before such date are disclosed under ''Capital work-in-progress''. Subsequent expenditures relating to property, plant and equipment is capitalized only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with these will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. Repairs and maintenance costs are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss when incurred. The cost and related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the financial statements upon sale or retirement of the asset and the resultant gains or losses are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

Impairment

Property, plant and equipment are evaluated for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their

carrying amounts may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, the recoverable amount (i.e. the higher of the fair value less cost to sell and the value-in-use) is determined on an individual asset basis unless the asset does not generate cash flows that are largely independent of those from other assets. In such cases, the recoverable amount is determined for the Cash Generating Unit (CGU) to which the asset belongs.

If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss is measured by the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeds the estimated recoverable amount of the asset. An impairment loss is reversed in the Statement of Profit and Loss if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. The carrying amount of the asset is increased to its revised recoverable amount, provided that this amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of any accumulated depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years.

Research and development expenditure

Research and Development expense recognized in net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss for the years ended March 31, 2022 and March 31, 2021 is ? 529 crore and ? 508 crore, respectively.

2.3 Leases Accounting policy

The Company as a lessee

The Company''s lease asset classes consist of leases for land, buildings and computers. The Company assesses whether a contract contains a lease, at inception of a contract. A contract is, or contains, a lease if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset for a period of time in exchange for consideration. To assess whether a contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, the Company assesses whether : (i) the contract involves the use of an identified asset (ii) the Company has substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset through the period of the lease and (iii) the Company has the right to direct the use of the asset.

At the date of commencement of the lease, the Company recognizes a right-of-use (ROU) asset and a corresponding lease liability for all lease arrangements in which it is a lessee, except for leases with a term of twelve months or less (short-term leases) and low value leases. For these short-term and low value leases, the Company recognizes the lease payments as an operating expense on a straight-line basis over the term of the lease.

As a lessee, the Company determines the lease term as the noncancellable period of a lease adjusted with any option to extend or terminate the lease, if the use of such option is reasonably certain. The Company makes an assessment on the expected lease term on a lease-by-lease basis and thereby assesses

whether it is reasonably certain that any options to extend or terminate the contract will be exercised. In evaluating the lease term, the Company considers factors such as any significant leasehold improvements undertaken over the lease term, costs relating to the termination of the lease and the importance of the underlying asset to Infosys''s operations taking into account the location of the underlying asset and the availability of suitable alternatives. The lease term in future periods is reassessed to ensure that the lease term reflects the current economic circumstances.

Certain lease arrangements includes the options to extend or terminate the lease before the end of the lease term. ROU assets and lease liabilities includes these options when it is reasonably certain that they will be exercised.

ROU assets are initially recognized at cost, which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or prior to the commencement date of the lease plus any initial direct costs less any lease incentives. They are subsequently measured at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment losses.

ROU assets are depreciated from the commencement date on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the lease term and useful life of the underlying asset. ROU assets are evaluated for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, the recoverable amount (i.e. the higher of the fair value less cost to sell and the value-in-use) is determined on an individual asset basis unless the asset does not generate cash flows that are largely independent of those from other assets. In such cases, the recoverable amount is determined for the Cash Generating Unit (CGU) to which the asset belongs.

The lease liability is initially measured at amortized cost at the present value of the future lease payments. The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicit in the lease or, if not readily determinable, using the incremental borrowing rates in the country of domicile of these leases. Lease liabilities are remeasured with a corresponding adjustment to the related ROU asset if the Company changes its assessment if whether it will exercise an extension or a termination option.

Lease liability and ROU asset have been separately presented in the Balance Sheet and lease payments have been classified as financing cash flows.

The Company as a lessor

Leases for which the Company is a lessor is classified as a finance or operating lease. Whenever the terms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee, the contract is classified as a finance lease. All other leases are classified as operating leases.

When the Company is an intermediate lessor, it accounts for its interests in the head lease and the sublease separately. The sublease is classified as a finance or operating lease by reference to the ROU asset arising from the head lease.

For operating leases, rental income is recognized on a straight line basis over the term of the relevant lease.

Certain quoted investments are classified as Level 2 in the absence of active market for such investments.

2.5.1 Business transfer - Brilliant Basics Limited

On August 04, 2021, the Board of Directors of Infosys authorized the Company to execute a Business Transfer Agreement and related documents with its wholly-owned subsidiary, Brilliant Basics Limited, to transfer the business of Brilliant Basics Limited to Infosys Limited, subject to securing the requisite regulatory approvals for a consideration based on an independent valuation. Subsequently on November 01,2021, the company entered into a business transfer agreement to transfer the business of Brilliant Basics Limited for a consideration of ? 109 crore resulting in recognition of a business transfer reserve of ? 62 crore.

Accordingly on August 15, 2020 the Company entered into a business transfer agreement to transfer the business of Kallidus Inc. and Skava Systems Private Limited for a consideration of ? 171 crore and ? 66 crore, respectively, on securing the requisite regulatory approvals.

The transaction was between a holding company and a wholly-owned subsidiary, the resultant impact on account of business transfer was recorded in ''Business Transfer Adjustment Reserve'' during the year ended March 31,2021.

On March 9, 2021, Kallidus, Inc. was liquidated. Further, on March 29, 2021, the shareholders of Skava have approved to voluntarily liquidate the affairs of the Company. Accordingly, Skava will complete the process of voluntary liquidation pursuant to Section 59 of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code of 2016 and applicable provisions of the Companies Act, 2013.

The details of the assets and liabilities taken over upon business transfer are as follows :

2.11 Financial instruments Accounting policy

2.11.1 Initial recognition

The Company recognizes financial assets and financial liabilities when it becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. All financial assets and liabilities are recognized at fair value on initial recognition, except for trade receivables which are initially measured at transaction price. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities, which are not at fair value through profit or loss, are added to the fair value on initial recognition. Regular way purchase and sale of financial assets are accounted for at trade date.

2.11.2 Subsequent measurement

a. Non-derivative financial instruments

(i) Financial assets carried at amortized cost

A financial asset is subsequently measured at amortized cost if it is held within a business model whose objective is to hold the asset in order to collect contractual cash flows and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

(ii) Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI)

A financial asset is subsequently measured at fair value through other comprehensive income if it is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. The Company has made an irrevocable election for its investments which are classified as equity instruments to present the subsequent changes in fair value in other comprehensive income based on its business model.

(iii) Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

A financial asset which is not classified in any of the above categories are subsequently fair valued through profit or loss.

(iv) Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are subsequently carried at amortized cost using the effective interest method, except for contingent consideration recognized in a business combination which is subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss. For trade and other payables maturing within one year from the Balance Sheet date, the carrying amounts approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments.

(v) Investment in subsidiaries

Investment in subsidiaries is carried at cost in the separate financial statements.

b. Derivative financial instruments

The Company holds derivative financial instruments such as foreign exchange forward and options contracts to mitigate the risk of changes in exchange rates on foreign currency exposures. The counterparty for these contracts is generally a bank.

(i) Financial assets or financial liabilities, at fair value through profit or loss

This category includes derivative financial assets or liabilities which are not designated as hedges.

Although the Company believes that these derivatives constitute hedges from an economic perspective, they may not qualify for hedge accounting under Ind AS 109, Financial Instruments. Any derivative that is either not designated as hedge, or is so designated but is ineffective as per Ind AS 109, is categorized as a financial asset or financial liability, at fair value through profit or loss.

Derivatives not designated as hedges are recognized initially at fair value and attributable transaction costs are recognized in net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss when incurred. Subsequent to initial recognition, these derivatives are measured at fair value through profit or loss and the resulting exchange gains or losses are included in other income. Assets / liabilities in this category are presented as current assets / current liabilities if they are either held for trading or are expected to be realized within 12 months after the Balance Sheet date.

(ii) Cash flow hedge

The Company designates certain foreign exchange forward and options contracts as cash flow hedges to mitigate the risk of foreign exchange exposure on highly probable forecast cash transactions.

When a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge instrument, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the cash flow hedge reserve. Any ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized immediately in the net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss. If the hedging instrument no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, then hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively. If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, the cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument recognized in cash flow hedge reserve till the period the hedge was effective remains in cash flow hedge reserve until the forecasted transaction occurs. The cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in the cash flow hedge reserve is transferred to the net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss upon the occurrence of the related forecasted transaction. If the forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur, then the amount accumulated in cash flow hedge reserve is reclassified to net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

2.11.3 Derecognition of financial instruments

The Company derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire or it transfers the financial asset and the transfer qualifies for derecognition under Ind AS 109. A financial liability (or a part of a financial liability) is derecognized from the Company''s Balance Sheet when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged or cancelled or expires.

2.11.4 Fair value of financial instruments

In determining the fair value of its financial instruments, the Company uses a variety of methods and assumptions that are based on market conditions and risks existing at each reporting date. The methods used to determine fair value include discounted cash flow analysis, available quoted market prices and dealer quotes. All methods of assessing fair value result in general approximation of value, and such value may never actually be realized.

Refer to the table ''Financial instruments by category'' below for the disclosure on carrying value and fair value of financial assets and liabilities. For financial assets and liabilities maturing within one year from the Balance Sheet date and which are not carried at fair value, the carrying amounts approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments.

2.11.5 Impairment

The Company recognizes loss allowances using the expected credit loss (ECL) model for the financial assets and unbilled revenues which are not fair valued through profit or loss.

Loss allowance for trade receivables and unbilled revenues with no significant financing component is measured at an amount equal to lifetime ECL. For all other financial assets, expected credit losses are measured at an amount equal to the 12-month ECL, unless there has been a significant increase in credit risk from initial recognition in which case those are measured at lifetime ECL.

The Company determines the allowance for credit losses based on historical loss experience adjusted to reflect current and estimated future economic conditions. The Group considers current and anticipated future economic conditions relating to industries the Company deals with and the countries where it operates.

The amount of ECLs (or reversal) that is required to adjust the loss allowance at the reporting date to the amount that is required to be recognized is recognized as an impairment gain or loss in Statement of Profit and Loss.


Mar 31, 2019

1.1 Property, plant and equipment Accounting policy

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and impairment, if any. Costs directly attributable to acquisition are capitalized until the property, plant and equipment are ready for use, as intended by the Management. The Company depreciates property, plant and equipment over their estimated useful lives using the straight-line method. The estimated useful lives of assets are as follows :

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed periodically, including at each financial year end.

Advances paid towards the acquisition of property, plant and equipment outstanding at each Balance Sheet date is classified as capital advances under other non-current assets and the cost of assets not ready to use before such date are disclosed under ‘Capital work-in-progress’. Subsequent expenditures relating to property, plant and equipment are capitalized only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with these will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. Repairs and maintenance costs are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss when incurred. The cost and related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the financial statements upon sale or retirement of the asset and the resultant gains or losses are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

Impairment

Property, plant and equipment are evaluated for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, the recoverable amount (i.e. the higher of the fair value less cost to sell and the value-in-use) is determined on an individual asset basis unless the asset does not generate cash flows that are largely independent of those from other assets. In such cases, the recoverable amount is determined for the Cash Generating Unit (CGU) to which the asset belongs.

If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss is measured by the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeds the estimated recoverable amount of the asset. An impairment loss is reversed in the Statement of Profit and Loss if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. The carrying amount of the asset is increased to its revised recoverable amount, provided that this amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of any accumulated depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years.

(1) Based on technical evaluation, the Management believes that the useful lives as given above best represent the period over which the Management expects to use these assets. Hence, the useful lives for these assets is different from the useful lives as prescribed under Part C of Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013.

(2) Includes solar plant with useful life of 20 years

Gross carrying value of leasehold land represents amounts paid under certain lease-cum-sale agreements to acquire land including agreements where the Company has an option to purchase or renew the properties on expiry of the lease period. The aggregate depreciation has been included under depreciation and amortization expense in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

1.2.2 Other intangible assets Accounting policy

Intangible assets are stated at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment. Intangible assets are amortized over their respective individual estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis, from the date that they are available for use. The estimated useful life of an identifiable intangible asset is based on a number of factors including the effects of obsolescence, demand, competition, and other economic factors (such as the stability of the industry, and known technological advances), and the level of maintenance expenditures required to obtain the expected future cash flows from the asset. Amortization methods and useful lives are reviewed periodically including at each financial year end. Research costs are expensed as incurred. Software product development costs are expensed as incurred unless technical and commercial feasibility of the project is demonstrated, future economic benefits are probable, the Company has an intention and ability to complete and use or sell the software and the costs can be measured reliably. The costs which can be capitalized include the cost of material, direct labour, overhead costs that are directly attributable to preparing the asset for its intended use.

2.3.1 Business transfer - Noah Consulting LLC

On July 14, 2017, the Board of Directors of Infosys authorized the Company to execute a Business Transfer Agreement and related documents with Noah Consulting LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary, to transfer the business of Noah Consulting LLC to Infosys Limited, subject to securing the requisite regulatory approvals for a consideration based on an independent valuation. Subsequently, on October 17, 2017, the Company entered into a business transfer agreement to transfer the business for a consideration of US$ 41 million (Rs. 266 crore) and the transfer was effective October 25, 2017.

The transaction was between a holding company and a wholly-owned subsidiary, the resultant impact on account of business transfer was recorded in ‘Business Transfer Adjustment Reserve’ during the year ended March 31, 2018. The details of the assets and liabilities taken over upon business transfer are as follows :

1.3.2 Brilliant Basics Holdings Limited

On September 8, 2017, Infosys acquired 100% of the voting interests in Brilliant Basics Holdings Limited, UK, (Brilliant Basics) a product design and customer experience innovator with experience in executing global programs. The business acquisition was conducted by entering into a share purchase agreement for a cash consideration of Rs. 29 crore, a contingent consideration of up to Rs. 20 crore and an additional consideration of up to Rs. 13 crore, referred to as retention bonus, payable to the employees of Brilliant Basics at each anniversary year over the next two years, subject to their continuous employment with the Group at each anniversary. The fair value of contingent consideration on the date of acquisition is Rs. 17 crore.

1.3.3 WongDoody Holding Company Inc

On May 22, 2018, Infosys acquired 100% of the voting interests in WongDoody Holding Company Inc., (WongDoody), a US-based, full-service creative and consumer insights agency. The business acquisition was conducted by entering into a share purchase agreement for a total consideration of up to US$ 75 million (approximately Rs. 514 crore on acquisition date), which includes a cash consideration of US$ 38 million (approximately Rs. 261 crore), a contingent consideration of up to US$ 28 million (approximately Rs. 192 crore on acquisition date) and an additional consideration of up to US$ 9 million (approximately Rs. 61 crore on acquisition date), referred to as retention bonus, payable to the employees of WongDoody over the next three years, subject to their continuous employment with the Group. The fair value of contingent consideration on the date of acquisition is Rs. 89 crore.

1.3.8 Assets held for sale Accounting policy

Non-current assets and disposal group are classified under ‘Held for Sale’ if their carrying amount is intended to be recovered principally through sale rather than through continuing use. The condition for classification of ‘Held for Sale’ is met when the non-current asset or the disposal group is available for immediate sale and the same is highly probable of being completed within one year from the date of classification under ‘Held for Sale’. Non-current assets and disposal group held for sale are measured at the lower of carrying amount and fair value less cost to sell. Non-current assets and disposal group that ceases to be classified under ‘Held for Sale’ shall be measured at the lower of carrying amount before the non-current asset and disposal group was classified under ‘Held for Sale’ adjusted for any depreciation / amortization and its recoverable amount at the date when the disposal group no longer meets the ‘Held for Sale’ criteria.

In the three months ended March 2018, the Company had initiated identification and evaluation of potential buyers for the sale of its investment in subsidiaries, Kallidus and Skava (together referred to as “Skava”) and Panaya. The investment in these subsidiaries was classified and presented separately under ‘Held for Sale’ and was carried at the lower of carrying value and fair value. Consequently, the Company has recognized a reduction in the fair value of investment amounting to Rs. 589 crore during the year ended March 31, 2018 in respect of Panaya in the standalone financial statements of Infosys. During the three months ended June 30, 2018, on remeasurement, including consideration of progress in negotiations on offers from prospective buyers for Panaya, the Company has recorded a reduction in the fair value of investment amounting to Rs. 265 crore in respect of Panaya. During the three months ended December 31, 2018, based on the evaluation of proposals received and progress of negotiations with potential buyers, the Company concluded that the investments in Panaya and Skava do not meet the criteria for ‘Held for Sale’ classification because it is no longer highly probable that the sale would be consummated by March 31, 2019 (12 months from the date of initial classification as ‘Held for Sale’) Accordingly, in accordance with Ind AS 105, Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations, the investment in subsidiaries Panaya and Skava have been included in non-current investments line item in the Standalone financial statements as at March 31, 2019.

On reclassification from ‘Held for Sale’, the investment in subsidiaries, Panaya and Skava have been remeasured at the lower of cost and recoverable amount resulting in recognition of an adjustment in respect of excess of carrying amount over recoverable amount on reclassification from ‘Held for Sale’ of Rs.469 crore in respect of Skava in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss for the year ended March 31, 2019

1.7 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents as at March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018 include restricted cash and bank balances of Rs. 143 crore and Rs. 375 crore, respectively. The restrictions are primarily on account of bank balances held as margin money deposits against guarantees.

The deposits maintained by the Company with banks and financial institutions comprise time deposits, which can be withdrawn by the Company at any point without prior notice or penalty on the principal.

Deferred contract costs are upfront costs incurred for the contract and are amortized over the term of the contract. Withholding taxes and others primarily consist of input tax credits and Cenvat recoverable from the Government of India. Cenvat recoverable includes Rs. 503 crore which is pending adjudication. The Company expects these amounts to be sustainable on adjudication and recoverable on final resolution.

1.9 Financial instruments Accounting policy

1.9.1 Initial recognition

The Company recognizes financial assets and financial liabilities when it becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. All financial assets and liabilities are recognized at fair value on initial recognition, except for trade receivables which are initially measured at transaction price. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities, which are not at fair value through profit or loss, are added to the fair value on initial recognition. Regular way purchase and sale of financial assets are accounted for at trade date.

1.9.2 Subsequent measurement

a. Non-derivative financial instruments

(i) Financial assets carried at amortized cost

A financial asset is subsequently measured at amortized cost if it is held within a business model whose objective is to hold the asset in order to collect contractual cash flows and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

(ii) Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income

A financial asset is subsequently measured at fair value through other comprehensive income if it is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. The Company has made an irrevocable election for its investments which are classified as equity instruments to present the subsequent changes in fair value in other comprehensive income based on its business model.

(iii) Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

A financial asset which is not classified in any of the above categories are subsequently fair valued through profit or loss.

(iv) Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are subsequently carried at amortized cost using the effective interest method, except for contingent consideration recognized in a business combination which is subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss. For trade and other payables maturing within one year from the Balance Sheet date, the carrying amounts approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments.

(v) Investment in subsidiaries

Investment in subsidiaries is carried at cost in the separate financial statements.

b. Derivative financial instruments

The Company holds derivative financial instruments such as foreign exchange forward and options contracts to mitigate the risk of changes in exchange rates on foreign currency exposures. The counterparty for these contracts is generally a bank.

(i) Financial assets or financial liabilities, at fair value through profit or loss

This category includes derivative financial assets or liabilities which are not designated as hedges.

Although the Company believes that these derivatives constitute hedges from an economic perspective, they may not qualify for hedge accounting under Ind AS 109, Financial Instruments. Any derivative that is either not designated as hedge, or is so designated but is ineffective as per Ind AS 109, is categorized as a financial asset or financial liability, at fair value through profit or loss.

Derivatives not designated as hedges are recognized initially at fair value and attributable transaction costs are recognized in net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss when incurred. Subsequent to initial recognition, these derivatives are measured at fair value through profit or loss and the resulting exchange gains or losses are included in other income. Assets / liabilities in this category are presented as current assets / current liabilities if they are either held for trading or are expected to be realized within 12 months after the Balance Sheet date.

(ii) Cash flow hedge

The Company designates certain foreign exchange forward and options contracts as cash flow hedges to mitigate the risk of foreign exchange exposure on highly probable forecast cash transactions.

When a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedge instrument, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the cash flow hedge reserve. Any ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized immediately in the net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss. If the hedging instrument no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, then hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively. If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, the cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument recognized in cash flow hedge reserve till the period the hedge was effective remains in cash flow hedge reserve until the forecasted transaction occurs. The cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in the cash flow hedge reserve is transferred to the net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss upon the occurrence of the related forecasted transaction. If the forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur, then the amount accumulated in cash flow hedge reserve is reclassified to net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

c. Share capital

Ordinary shares

Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issuance of new ordinary shares and share options and buyback of ordinary shares are recognized as a deduction from equity, net of any tax effects.

1.9.3 Derecognition of financial instruments

The Company derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire or it transfers the financial asset and the transfer qualifies for derecognition under Ind AS 109. A financial liability (or a part of a financial liability) is derecognized from the Company’s Balance Sheet when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged or cancelled or expires.

1.9.4 Fair value of financial instruments

In determining the fair value of its financial instruments, the Company uses a variety of methods and assumptions that are based on market conditions and risks existing at each reporting date. The methods used to determine fair value include discounted cash flow analysis, available quoted market prices and dealer quotes. All methods of assessing fair value result in general approximation of value, and such value may never actually be realized.

Refer to the Financial instruments by category table below for the disclosure on carrying value and fair value of financial assets and liabilities. For financial assets and liabilities maturing within one year from the Balance Sheet date and which are not carried at fair value, the carrying amounts approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments.

1.9.5 Impairment

The Company recognizes loss allowances using the expected credit loss (ECL) model for the financial assets and unbilled revenues which are not fair valued through profit or loss. Loss allowance for trade receivables and unbilled revenues with no significant financing component is measured at an amount equal to lifetime ECL. For all other financial assets, expected credit losses are measured at an amount equal to the 12-month ECL, unless there has been a significant increase in credit risk from initial recognition in which case those are measured at lifetime ECL. The amount of expected credit losses (or reversal) that is required to adjust the loss allowance at the reporting date to the amount that is required to be recognized is recognized as an impairment gain or loss in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

Fair value hierarchy

Level 1 - Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities

Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly (i.e. as prices) or indirectly (i.e. derived from prices)

Level 3 - Inputs for the assets or liabilities that are not based on observable market data (unobservable inputs)

During the year ended March 31, 2018, tax-free bonds and non-convertible debentures of Rs. 1,797 crore were transferred from Level 2 to Level 1 of fair value hierarchy, since these were valued based on quoted price, and Rs. 743 crore were transferred from Level 1 to Level 2 of fair value hierarchy, since these were valued based on market observable inputs.

A one percentage point change in the unobservable inputs used in fair valuation of Level 3 assets and liabilities does not have a significant impact on its value.

Financial risk management

Financial risk factors :The Company’s activities expose it to a variety of financial risks - market risk, credit risk and liquidity risk. The Company’s primary focus is to foresee the unpredictability of financial markets and seek to minimize potential adverse effects on its financial performance. The primary market risk to the Company is foreign exchange risk. The Company uses derivative financial instruments to mitigate foreign exchange related risk exposures. The Company’s exposure to credit risk is influenced mainly by the individual characteristic of each customer and the concentration of risk from the top few customers. Market risk :The Company operates internationally and a major portion of the business is transacted in several currencies and consequently the Company is exposed to foreign exchange risk through its sales and services in the US and elsewhere, and purchases from overseas suppliers in various foreign currencies. The Company holds derivative financial instruments such as foreign exchange forward and options contracts to mitigate the risk of changes in exchange rates on foreign currency exposures. The exchange rate between the Indian rupee and foreign currencies has changed substantially in recent years and may fluctuate substantially in the future. Consequently, the results of the Company’s operations are adversely affected as the rupee appreciates / depreciates against these currencies.

Sensitivity analysis is computed based on the changes in the income and expenses in foreign currency upon conversion into functional currency, due to exchange rate fluctuations between the previous reporting period and the current reporting period. Derivative financial instruments

The Company holds derivative financial instruments such as foreign currency forward and options contracts to mitigate the risk of changes in exchange rates on foreign currency exposures. The counterparty for these contracts is generally a bank. These derivative financial instruments are valued based on quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets or inputs that are directly or indirectly observable in the marketplace.

The foreign exchange forward and options contracts mature within 12 months. The table below analyzes the derivative financial instruments into relevant maturity groupings based on the remaining period as at the Balance Sheet date :

During the year ended March 31, 2019, the Company has designated certain foreign exchange forward and options contracts as cash flow hedges to mitigate the risk of foreign exchange exposure on highly probable forecast cash transactions. The related hedge transactions for balance in cash flow hedge reserve as at March 31, 2019 are expected to occur and reclassified to the Statement of Profit and Loss within three months.

Hedge effectiveness is determined at the inception of the hedge relationship, and through periodic prospective effectiveness assessments to ensure that an economic relationship exists between the hedged item and hedging instrument, including whether the hedging instrument is expected to offset changes in cash flows of hedged items.

Credit risk

Credit risk refers to the risk of default on its obligation by the counterparty resulting in a financial loss. The maximum exposure to the credit risk at the reporting date is primarily from trade receivables amounting to Rs. 13,370 crore and Rs. 12,151 crore as at March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018, respectively and unbilled revenue amounting to Rs. 4,445 crore and Rs. 3,573 crore as at March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018, respectively. Trade receivables and unbilled revenue are typically unsecured and are derived from revenue earned from customers primarily located in the US. Credit risk has always been managed by the Company through credit approvals, establishing credit limits and continuously monitoring the creditworthiness of customers to which the Company grants credit terms in the normal course of business. As per Ind AS 109, the Company uses expected credit loss model to assess the impairment loss or gain. The Company uses a provision matrix to compute the expected credit loss allowance for trade receivables and unbilled revenues. The provision matrix

If the hedge ratio for risk management purposes is no longer optimal but the risk management objective remains unchanged and the hedge continues to qualify for hedge accounting, the hedge relationship will be rebalanced by adjusting either the volume of the hedging instrument or the volume of the hedged item so that the hedge ratio aligns with the ratio used for risk management purposes. Any hedge ineffectiveness is calculated and accounted for in the Statement of Profit and Loss at the time of the hedge relationship rebalancing.

The Company offsets a financial asset and a financial liability when it currently has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. takes into account available external and internal credit risk factors such as credit default swap quotes, credit ratings from international credit rating agencies and the Company’s historical experience for customers.

Credit risk exposure

The allowance for lifetime expected credit loss on customer balances for the years ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018 is Rs. 176 crore and Rs. 18 crore, respectively

Credit risk on cash and cash equivalents is limited as we generally invest in deposits with banks and financial institutions with high credit ratings assigned by international and domestic credit rating agencies. Investments primarily include investment in liquid mutual fund units, fixed maturity plan securities, quoted bonds issued by government and quasi government organizations, non-convertible debentures issued by government aided institutions, certificates of deposit and commercial paper.

Liquidity risk

The Company’s principal sources of liquidity are cash and cash equivalents and the cash flow that is generated from operations. The Company has no outstanding borrowings. The Company believes that the working capital is sufficient to meet its current requirements.

As at March 31, 2019, the Company had a working capital of Rs. 30,793 crore including cash and cash equivalents of Rs. 15,551 crore and current investments of Rs. 6,077 crore. As at March 31, 2018, the Company had a working capital of Rs. 30,903 crore including cash and cash equivalents of Rs. 16,770 crore and current investments of Rs. 5,906 crore.

As at March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018, the outstanding compensated absences were Rs. 1,411 crore and Rs. 1,260 crore, respectively, which have been substantially funded. Accordingly, no liquidity risk is perceived.

Under the Company’s ongoing buyback program, the maximum buyback size is Rs. 8,260 crore. The Company has bought back shares amounting to Rs. 797 crore (including transaction costs) till March 31, 2019 (refer to Note 2.10).

The Company has only one class of shares referred to as equity shares having a par value of Rs. 5. Each holder of equity shares is entitled to one vote per share. The equity shares represented by American Depository Shares (ADS) carry similar rights to voting and dividends as the other equity shares. Each ADS represents one underlying equity share In the event of liquidation of the Company, the holders of equity shares will be entitled to receive any of the remaining assets of the Company in proportion to the number of equity shares held by the shareholders, after distribution of all preferential amounts.

In the period of five years immediately preceding March 31, 2019 : The Company has allotted 2,18,41,91,490 fully-paid-up equity shares of face value Rs. 5 each during the three months ended September 30, 2018 pursuant to a bonus issue approved by the shareholders through a postal ballot. The record date fixed by the Board of Directors was September 5, 2018. The bonus shares were issued by capitalization of profits transferred from general reserve. A bonus share of one equity share for every equity share held, and a bonus issue, viz., a stock dividend of one ADS for every ADS held, respectively. have been allotted. Consequently, the ratio of equity shares underlying the ADSs held by an American Depositary Receipt holder remains unchanged. Options granted under the stock option plan have been adjusted for bonus shares.

The Company has allotted 1,14,84,72,332 and 57,42,36,166 fully paid-up shares of face value Rs. 5 each during the quarter ended June 30, 2015 and December 31, 2014, pursuant to bonus issue approved by the shareholders through a postal ballot. For both the bonus issues, a bonus share of one equity share for every equity share held, and a stock dividend of one ADS for every ADS held, respectively, have been allotted. Consequently, the ratio of equity shares underlying the ADSs held by an American Depositary Receipt holder remains unchanged. Options granted under the restricted stock unit plan have been adjusted for bonus shares.

The bonus shares once allotted shall rank pari passu in all respects and carry the same rights as the existing equity shareholders and shall be entitled to participate in full, in any dividend and other corporate action, recommended and declared after the new equity shares are allotted.

Update on Capital Allocation Policy and buyback In line with the Capital Allocation Policy announced in April 2018, the Board, at its meeting held on January 11, 2019, approved the following :

(a) A special dividend of Rs. 4 per equity share;

(b) A buyback of equity shares from the open market route through Indian stock exchanges of up to Rs. 8,260 crore (maximum buyback size) at a price not exceeding Rs. 800 per share (maximum buyback price) subject to shareholders’ approval by way of a postal ballot.

After the execution of the above, along with the special dividend (including dividend distribution tax) of Rs. 2,633 crore already paid in June 2018, the Company would complete the distribution of Rs. 13,000 crore, which was announced as part of its Capital Allocation Policy in April 2018.

The shareholders approved the proposal of buyback of equity shares recommended by its Board of Directors, at its meeting held on January 11, 2019 through the postal ballot that concluded on March 12, 2019. At the maximum buyback price of Rs. 800 per equity share and the maximum buyback size of Rs. 8,260 crore, the indicative maximum number of equity shares bought back would be 10,32,50,000 equity shares (maximum buyback shares) comprising approximately 2.36% of the paid-up equity share capital of the Company as of March 12, 2019 (the date of conclusion of postal ballot for approval for buyback).

The buyback was offered to all eligible equity shareholders of the Company (other than the Promoters, the Promoter Group and Persons in Control of the Company) under the open market route through the stock exchange. The Company will fund the buyback from its free reserves. The buyback of equity shares through the stock exchange commenced on March 20, 2019 and is expected to be completed by September 2019. During fiscal 2019, 1,26,52,000 equity shares were purchased from the stock exchange which includes 18,18,000 shares which have been purchased but not extinguished as of March 31, 2019 and 36,36,000 shares which have been purchased but have not been settled and therefore not extinguished as of March 31, 2019. In accordance with Section 69 of the Companies Act, 2013, during the year ended March 31, 2019, the Company has created ‘Capital Redemption Reserve’ of Rs. 5 crore equal to the nominal value of the shares bought back as an appropriation from general reserve.

The Board, at its meeting on August 19, 2017, approved a proposal for the Company to buy back its fully-paid-up equity shares of face value of Rs. 5 each from the eligible equity shareholders of the Company for an amount not exceeding Rs. 13,000 crore. The shareholders approved the said proposal of buyback of equity shares through the postal ballot that concluded on October 7, 2017. The buyback offer comprised a purchase of 11,30,43,478 equity shares aggregating 4.92% of the paid-up equity share capital of the Company at a price of Rs. 1,150 per equity share. The buyback was offered to all eligible equity shareholders (including those who became equity shareholders as on the record date by cancelling ADSs and withdrawing underlying equity shares) of the Company as on the record date (i.e. November 1, 2017) on a proportionate basis through the ‘tender offer’ route. The Company concluded the buyback procedures on December 27, 2017 and 11,30,43,478 equity shares were extinguished. The Company has utilized its securities premium and general reserve for the buyback of its equity shares. In accordance with Section 69 of the Companies Act, 2013, the Company has created a ‘Capital Redemption Reserve’ of Rs. 56 crore equal to the nominal value of the shares bought back as an appropriation from general reserve during the year ended March 31, 2018.

The Company’s objective when managing capital is to safeguard its ability to continue as a going concern and to maintain an optimal capital structure so as to maximize shareholder value. In order to maintain or achieve an optimal capital structure, the Company may adjust the amount of dividend payment, return capital to shareholders, issue new shares or buy back issued shares. As of March 31, 2019, the Company has only one class of equity shares and has no debt. Consequent to the above capital structure, there are no externally imposed capital requirements.

Dividends

Final dividends on shares are recorded as a liability on the date of approval by the shareholders and interim dividends are recorded as a liability on the date of declaration by the Company’s Board of Directors.

The Company declares and pays dividends in Indian rupees. The remittance of dividends outside India is governed by Indian law on foreign exchange and is subject to applicable distribution taxes. Dividend distribution tax paid by subsidiaries may be reduced / available as a credit against dividend distribution tax payable by Infosys Limited.

Effective fiscal 2018, the Company’s policy is to pay out up to 70% of the free cash flow of the corresponding financial year in such manner (including by way of dividend and / or share buyback) as may be decided by the Board from time to time, subject to applicable laws and requisite approvals, if any. Free cash flow is defined as net cash provided by operating activities less capital expenditure as per the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows prepared under International Financial Reporting standards (IFRS). Dividend payout includes dividend distribution tax.

During the year ended March 31, 2019 on account of the final dividend for fiscal 2018, special dividend declared in fiscal 2018 and fiscal 2019 and interim dividend for fiscal 2019, the Company has incurred a net cash outflow of Rs. 13,761 crore inclusive of dividend distribution tax.

The Board of Directors, at its meeting on April 12, 2019, recommended a final dividend of Rs. 10.50 per equity share for the financial year ended March 31, 2019. This payment is subject to the approval of shareholders in the ensuing Annual General Meeting of the Company to be held on June 22,2019 and if approved, would result in a net cash outflow of approximately Rs. 5,504 crore, including dividend distribution tax. The final dividend of Rs. 10.50 per equity share and the resultant expected cash outflow is based on the outstanding number of shares after considering shares bought back by the Company subsequent to the year ended March 31, 2019.

Retained earnings

Retained earnings represent the amount of accumulated earnings of the Company.

Securities premium

The amount received in excess of the par value has been classified as securities premium. Additionally, share-based compensation recognized in net profit in the Standalone Statement of Profit and Loss is credited to securities premium.

Other components of equity

Other components of equity consist of currency translation, remeasurement of net defined benefit liability / asset, cumulative impact on reversal of unrealized gain on quoted debt securities on adoption of Ind AS 109, equity instruments fair valued through other comprehensive income, changes on fair valuation of investments and changes in fair value of derivatives designated as cash flow hedges, net of taxes.

Employee Stock Option Plan (ESOP) Accounting policy

The Company recognizes compensation expense relating to share-based payments in net profit using fair value in accordance with Ind AS 102, Share-based Payment. The estimated fair value of awards is charged to income on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award was in-substance multiple awards with a corresponding increase to share options outstanding account.

2015 Stock Incentive Compensation Plan (“the 2015 Plan”) (formerly 2011 RSU Plan) : On March 31, 2016, pursuant to the approval by the shareholders through a postal ballot, the Board has been authorized to introduce, offer, issue and allot share-based incentives to eligible employees of the Company and its subsidiaries under the 2015 Plan. The maximum number of shares under the 2015 Plan shall not exceed 2,40,38,883 equity shares (this includes 1,12,23,576 equity shares which are held by the trust towards the 2011 Plan as at March 31, 2016). Out of this 1,70,38,883 equity shares will be issued as RSUs at par value and 70,00,000 equity shares will be issued as stock options at market price on the date of the grant. These instruments will generally vest over a period of four years and the Company expects to grant the instruments under the 2015 Plan over the period of four to seven years. The plan numbers mentioned above would further be adjusted for the September 2018 bonus issue.

Consequent to the September 2018 bonus issue, all outstanding options granted under the stock option plan have been adjusted for bonus shares. Unless otherwise stated, all the prior period share numbers, share prices and weighted average exercise prices in this note have been adjusted to give effect to the September 2018 bonus issue.

A controlled trust holds 2,03,24,982 and 1,08,01,956 shares (not adjusted for the September 2018 bonus issue) as at March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018, respectively, under the 2015 Plan. Out of these shares, 2,00,000 and 1,00,000 equity shares (not adjusted for the September 2018 bonus issue) have been earmarked for welfare activities of the employees as at March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018, respectively.

1. Stock incentives granted to Salil Parekh, CEO & MD Pursuant to the approval of the shareholders (vide postal ballot on February 20, 2018), Salil Parekh (CEO & MD) is eligible to receive under the 2015 Plan :

a) an annual grant of RSUs of fair value Rs. 3.25 crore, which will vest over time in three equal annual installments upon the completion of each year of service from the respective grant date,

b) a one-time grant of RSUs of fair value Rs. 9.75 crore, which will vest over time in two equal annual installments upon completion of each year of service from the grant date, and

c) annual grant of performance-based RSUs of fair value Rs. 13 crore, which will vest after completion of three years, the first of which concludes on March 31, 2021, subject to the achievement of performance targets set by the Board or its committee.

The Board, based on the recommendations of the nomination and remuneration committee, approved on February 27, 2018, the annual time-based grant for fiscal 2018 of 56,512 RSUs (adjusted for the September 2018 bonus issue) and the one-time time-based grant of 1,69,536 RSUs (adjusted for the September 2018 bonus issue). The grants were made effective February 27, 2018.

Further, the Board, based on the recommendations of the nomination and remuneration committee, granted 2,17,200 (adjusted for the September 2018 bonus issue) performance-based RSUs to Salil Parekh with an effective date of May 2, 2018. The grants would vest upon successful completion of three full fiscal years with the Company concluding on March 31, 2021 and will be determined based on the achievement of certain performance targets for the said three-year period.

The Board, based on the recommendations of the nomination and remuneration committee, approved on January 11, 2019, the annual time-based grant for fiscal 2019 of 42,930 RSUs. The grant was made effective February 1, 2019.

Though the annual time-based grants for the remaining employment term ending on March 31, 2023 have not been granted as of March 31, 2019, since the service commencement date precedes the grant date, the Company has recorded employment stock compensation expense in accordance with Ind AS 102, Share-based Payment.

The RSUs and stock options would vest generally over a period of four years and shall be exercisable within the period as approved by the committee. The exercise price of the RSUs will be equal to the par value of the shares and the exercise price of the stock options would be the market price as on the date of grant.

As at March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018, incentive units outstanding (net of forfeitures) were 1,77,454 and 2,23,514 (adjusted for the September 2018 bonus issue), respectively.

The expected life of the RSU / ESOP is estimated based on the vesting term and contractual term of the RSU / ESOP, as well as expected exercise behavior of the employee who receives the RSU / ESOP Expected volatility during the expected term of the RSU / ESOP is based on historical volatility of the observed market prices of the Company’s publicly traded equity shares during a period equivalent to the expected term of the RSU / ESOP

In accordance with Ind AS 32, Financial Instruments: Presentation, the Company has recorded a financial liability of Rs. 1,202 crore for the obligation to acquire its own equity shares to the extent of standing instructions provided to its registered broker for the buyback as of March 31, 2019 (refer to Note 2.10). The financial liability is recognized at the present value of the maximum amount that the Company would be required to pay to the registered broker for buyback, with a corresponding debit in general reserve / retained earnings.

1.14 Provisions Accounting policy

the expected cost of terminating the contract and the expected net cost of continuing with the contract. Before a provision is established, the Company recognizes any impairment loss on the assets associated with that contract.

A provision is recognized if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that is reasonably estimable, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability.

a. Post-sales client support : The Company provides its clients with a fixed-period post-sales support for corrections of errors and support on all its fixed-price, fixed-timeframe contracts. Costs associated with such support services are accrued at the time related revenues are recorded in the Statement of Profit and Loss. The Company estimates such costs based on historical experience and estimates are reviewed on a periodic basis for any material changes in assumptions and likelihood of occurrence.

b. Onerous contracts : Provisions for onerous contracts are recognized when the expected benefits to be derived by the Company from a contract are lower than the unavoidable costs of meeting the future obligations under the contract. The provision is measured at the present value of the lower of

1.15 Income taxes Accounting policy

Income tax expense comprises current and deferred income tax. Income tax expense is recognized in net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss except to the extent that it relates to items recognized directly in equity, in which case it is recognized in other comprehensive income. Current income tax for current and prior periods is recognized at the amount expected to be paid to or recovered from the tax authorities, using the tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the Balance Sheet date. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for all temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realized.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the Balance Sheet date and are expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of changes in tax rates on deferred income tax assets and liabilities is recognized as income or expense in the period that includes the enactment or the substantive enactment date. A deferred income tax asset is recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences and tax losses can be utilized. Deferred income taxes are not provided on the undistributed earnings of subsidiaries and branches where it is expected that the earnings of the subsidiary or branch will not be distributed in the foreseeable future. The Company offsets current tax assets and current tax liabilities, where it has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and where it intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. Tax benefits of deductions earned on exercise of employee share options in excess of compensation charged to income are credited to securities premium.

During the quarter ended March 31, 2019, the Company entered into Advance Pricing Agreement (APA) in overseas jurisdictions resulting in a reversal of income tax expense of Rs. 94 crore which pertained to prior periods.

In December 2017, the Company had concluded an Advance Pricing Agreement (APA) with the US Internal Revenue Service (IRS) for the US branch covering the years ending March 2011 to March 2021. Under the APA, the Company and the IRS have agreed on the methodology to allocate revenues and compute the taxable income of the Company’s US branch operations. In accordance with the APA, the Company had reversed income tax expense provision of US$ 225 million (Rs. 1,432 crore) which pertained to previous periods which are no longer required. The Company had to pay an adjusted amount of US$ 223 million (approximately Rs. 1,424 crore) due to the difference between the taxes payable for prior periods as per the APA and the actual taxes paid for such periods. The Company has paid US$ 215 million (Rs. 1,455 crore). Further, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (H.R. 1) was signed into law on December 22, 2017 (“US tax reforms”). The US tax reforms has reduced federal tax rates from 35% to 21% effective January 1, 2018, among other measures. Additionally, income tax expense for the years ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018 includes reversal (net of provisions) of Rs. 97 crore and Rs. 240 crore, respectively. These reversals pertain to prior periods on account of adjudication of certain disputed matters in favor of the Company across various jurisdictions.

The applicable Indian corporate statutory tax rate for the years ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018 is 34.94% and 34.61%, respectively. The increase in the corporate statutory tax rate to 34.94% is consequent to changes made in the Finance Act, 2018.

The foreign tax expense is due to income taxes payable overseas, principally in the US. In India, the Company has benefited from certain income tax incentives that the Government of India had provided for export of software from the units registered under the Special Economic Zones Act (SEZs), 2005. SEZ units which began the provision of services on or after April 1, 2005 are eligible for a deduction of 100% of profits or gains derived from the export of services for the first five years from the financial year in which the unit commenced the provision of services and 50% of such profits or gains for a further five years. Up to 50% of such profits or gains is also available for a further five years subject to creation of a Special Economic Zone re-investment Reserve out of the profit for the eligible SEZ units and utilization of such reserve by the Company for acquiring new plant and machinery for the purpose of its business as per the provisions of the Income-tax Act, 1961.

Entire deferred income tax for the years ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018, relates to origination and reversal of temporary differences except for a credit of Rs. 155 crore (on account of US tax reforms explained above), for the year ended March 31, 2018.

Infosys is subject to a 15% Branch Profit Tax (BPT) in the US to the extent its US branch’s net profit during the year is greater than the increase in the net assets of the US branch during the year, computed in accordance with the Internal Revenue Code. As at March 31, 2019, Infosys’ US branch net assets amounted to approximately Rs. 5,196 crore. As at March 31, 2019, the Company has a deferred tax liability for BPT of Rs. 201 crore (net of credits), as the Company estimates that these branch profits are expected to be distributed in the foreseeable future.

Other income for the years ended March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018 includes interest on income tax refund of Rs. 50 crore and Rs. 257 crore respectively

Deferred income tax liabilities have not been recognized on temporary differences amounting to Rs. 6,007 crore and Rs. 5,045 crore as at March 31, 2019 and March 31, 2018, respectively. associated with investments in subsidiaries and branches as it is probable that the temporary differences will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred income tax assets have not been recognized on accumulated losses of Rs. 146 crore as at March 31, 2019 as it is probable that future taxable profit will be not available against which the unused tax losses can be utilized in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities have been offset wherever the Company has a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and where the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority.

In assessing the reliability of deferred income tax assets, the Management considers whether some portion or all of the deferred income tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred income tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during the periods in which the temporary differences become deductible. The Management considers the scheduled reversals of deferred income tax liabilities, projected future taxable income, and tax-planning strategies in making this assessment. Based on the level of historical taxable income and projections for future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred income tax assets are deductible, the Management believes that the Company will realize the benefits of those deductible differences. The amount of the deferred income tax assets considered realizable, however, could be reduced in the near term if estimates of future taxable income during the carry forward period are reduced.

1.16 Revenue from operations Accounting policy

The Company derives revenues primarily from business IT services comprising of software development and related services, consulting and package implementation and from the licensing of software products and platforms across our core and digital offerings (together called as “software related services”).

Effective April 1, 2018, the Company adopted Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, using the cumulative catch-up transition method, applied to contracts that were not completed as of April 1, 2018. In accordance with the cumulative catch-up transition method, the comparatives have not been retrospectively adjusted. The following is a summary of new and / or revised significant accounting policies related to revenue recognition. Refer Note 1 “Significant Accounting Policies,” in the Company’s 2018 Annual Report for the policies in effect for revenue prior to April 1, 2018. The effect on adoption of Ind AS 115 was insignificant.

Revenue is recognized upon transfer of control of promised products or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to receive in exchange for those products or services.

Arrangements with customers for software-related services are either on a fixed-price, fixed-timeframe or on a time-and-material basis.

Revenue on time-and-material contracts are recognized as the related services are performed and revenue from the end of the last invoicing to the reporting date is recognized as unbilled revenue. Revenue from fixed-price, fixed-timeframe contracts, where the performance obligations are satisfied over time and where there is no uncertainty as to measurement or collectability of consideration, is recognized as per the percentage-of-completion method. When there is uncertainty as to measurement or ultimate collectability, revenue recognition is postponed until such uncertainty is resolved. Efforts or costs expended have been used to measure progress towards completion as there is a direct relationship between input and productivity. Maintenance revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the underlying maintenance arrangement.

Revenues in excess of invoicing are classified as contract assets (which we refer to as unbilled revenue) while invoicing in excess of revenues are classified as contract liabilities (which we refer to as unearned revenues).

In arrangements for software development and related services and maintenance services, the Company has applied the guidance in Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, by applying the revenue recognition criteria for each distinct performance obligation. The arrangements with customers generally meet the criteria for considering software development and related services as distinct performance obligations. For allocating the transaction price, the Company has measured the revenue in respect of each performance obligation of a contract at its relative standalone selling price. The price that is regularly charged for an item when sold separately is the best evidence of its standalone selling price. In cases where the Company is unable to determine the standalone selling price, the Company uses the expected cost plus margin approach in estimating the standalone selling price. For software development and related services, the performance obligations are satisfied as and when the services are rendered since the customer generally obtains control of the work as it progresses.

Revenue from licenses where the customer obtains a “right to use” the licenses is recognized at the time the license is made available to the customer. Revenue from licenses where the customer obtains a “right to access” is recognized over the access period. Arrangements to deliver software products generally have three elements : license, implementation and Annual Technical Services (ATS). The Company has applied the principles under Ind AS 115 to account for revenues from these performance obligations. When implementation services are provided in conjunction with the licensing arrangement and the license and implementation have been identified as two separate performance obligations, the transaction price for such contracts are allocated to each performance obligation of the contract based on their relative standalone selling prices. In the absence of standalone selling price for implementation, the performance obligation is estimated using the expected cost plus margin approach. Where the license is required to be substantially customized as part of the implementation service, the entire arrangement fee for license and implementation is considered to be a single performance obligation and the revenue is recognized using the percentage-of-completion method as the implementation is performed. Revenue from client training, support and other services arising due to the sale of software products is recognized as the performance obligations are satisfied. ATS revenue is recognized ratably over the period in which the services are rendered.

The Company accounts for volume discounts and pricing incentives to customers as a reduction of revenue based on the ratable allocation of the discounts / incentives to each of the underlying performance obligation that corresponds to the progress by the customer towards earning the discount / incentive. Also, when the level of discount varies with increases in levels of revenue transactions, the Company recognizes the liability based on its estimate of the customers future purchases. If it is probable that the criteria for the discount will not be met, or if the amount thereof cannot be estimated reliably, then the discount is not recognized until the payment is probable and the amount can be estimated reliably. The Company recognizes changes in the estimated amount of obligations for discounts in the period in which the change occurs.

Deferred contract costs are incremental costs of obtaining a contract which are recognized as assets and amortized over the term of the contract.

Contract modifications are accounted for when additions, deletions or changes are approved either to the contract scope or contract price. The accounting for modifications of contracts involves assessing whether the services added to an existing contract are distinct and whether the pricing is at the standalone selling price. Services added that are not distinct are accounted for on a cumulative catch-up basis, while those that are distinct are accounted for prospectively, either as a separate contract, if the additional services are priced at the standalone selling price, or as a termination of the existing contract and creation of a new contract if not priced at the standalone selling price.

The Company presents revenues net of indirect taxes in its Statement of Profit and Loss.

Disaggregate revenue information

The table below presents disaggregated revenues from contracts with customers for the year ended March 31, 2019 by offerings and contract-type. The Company believes that this disaggregation best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenues and cash flows are affected by industry, market and other economic factors.

Digital services

Digital services comprise service and solution offerings of the Company that enable our clients to transform their businesses. These include offerings that enhance customer experience, leverage Artificial Intelligence-based analytics and big data, engineer digital products and IoT, modernize legacy technology systems, migrate to cloud applications and implement advanced cybersecurity systems.

Core services

Core services comprise traditional offerings of the Company that have scaled and industrialized over a number of years. These primarily include application management services, proprietary application development services, independent validation solutions, product engineering and management, infrastructure management services, traditional enterprise application implementation, support and integration services.

Products and platforms

The Company also derives revenues from the sale of products and platforms including Infosys NIA® - the Artificial Intelligence (AI) platform, which applies next-generation AI and machine learning.

Trade receivables and contract balances

The Company classifies the right to consideration in exchange for deliverables as either a receivable or as unbilled revenue.

A receivable is a right to consideration that is unconditional upon passage of time. Revenue for time-and-material contracts are recognized as related service are performed. Revenue for fixed-price maintenance contracts is recognized on a straight-line basis over the period of the contract. Revenues in excess of billings is recorded as unbilled revenue and is classified as a financial asset for these cases as right to consideration is unconditional upon passage of time.

Revenue recognition for fixed-price development contracts is based on percentage-of-completion method. Invoicing to the clients is based on milestones as defined in the contract. This would result in the timing of revenue recognition being different from the timing of billing the customers. Unbilled revenue for fixed-price development contracts is classified as non-financial asset as the contractual right to consideration is dependent on completion of contractual milestones. Invoicing in excess of earnings are classified as unearned revenue.

Trade receivable and unbilled revenues are presented net of impairment in the Balance Sheet.

During the year ended March 31, 2019, the Company recognized revenue of Rs. 1,776 crore arising from opening unearned revenue as of April 1, 2018.

During the year ended March 31, 2019, Rs. 2,355 crore of unbilled revenue pertaining to fixed-price development contracts as of April 1, 2018 has been reclassified to trade receivables upon billing to customers on completion of milestones.

Performance obligations and remaining performance obligations

The remaining performance obligation disclosure provides the aggregate amount of the transaction price yet to be recognized as at the end of the reporting period and an explanation as to when the Company expects to recognize these amounts in revenue. Applying the practical expedient as given in Ind AS 115, the Company has not disclosed the remaining performance obligation related disclosures for contracts where the revenue recognized corresponds directly with the value to the customer of the entity’s performance completed to date, typically those contracts where invoicing is on time-and-material basis. Remaining performance obligation estimates are subject to change and are affected by several factors, including terminations, changes in the scope of contracts, periodic revalidations, adjustment for revenue that has not materialized and adjustments for currency.

The aggregate value of performance obligations that are completely or partially unsatisfied as at March 31, 2019, other than those meeting the exclusion criteria mentioned above, is Rs.44,904 crore. Out of this, the Company expects to recognize revenue of around 50% within the next one year and the remaining thereafter. This includes contracts that can be terminated for convenience without a substantive penalty since, based on current assessment, the occurrence of the same is expected to be remote.

The impact on account of applying the erstwhile Ind AS 18, Revenue instead of Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contracts with Customers on the financials results of the Company for the year ended and as at March 31, 2019 is insignificant. On account of adoption of Ind AS 115, unbilled revenues of Rs. 2,904 crore as at March 31, 2019 has been considered as a non-financial asset.

1.17 Other income, net

1.17.1


Mar 31, 2018

Overview and notes to the financial statements

1. Overview

1.1 Company overview

Infosys Limited (‘the Company’ or Infosys) is a leading provider of consulting, technology, outsourcing, next-generation services and software. Along with its subsidiaries, Infosys provides business IT services (comprising application development and maintenance, independent validation, infrastructure management, engineering services comprising product engineering and life-cycle solutions and business process management); consulting and systems integration services (comprising consulting, enterprise solutions, systems integration and advanced technologies); products, business platforms and solutions to accelerate intellectual property-led innovation. Its new offerings span areas like digital, big data and analytics, cloud, data and mainframe modernization, cyber security, IoT engineering services and API and micro services.

The Company is a public limited company incorporated and domiciled in India and has its registered office in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. The Company has its primary listings on the BSE Limited and National Stock Exchange of India Limited, in India. The Company’s American Depositary Shares (ADSs) representing equity shares are also listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), Euronext London and Euronext Paris. The Company has proposed to voluntarily delist its ADSs from the Euronext Paris and Euronext London exchanges due to low average daily trading volume of Infosys ADSs on these exchanges. The proposed delisting is subject to approval from the said stock exchanges.

The financial statements are approved for issue by the Company’s Board of Directors on April 13, 2018.

1.2 Basis of preparation of financial statements

These financial statements are prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS), under the historical cost convention on the accrual basis except for certain financial instruments which are measured at fair values, the provisions of the Companies Act , 2013 (‘the Act’) (to the extent notified) and guidelines issued by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). The Ind AS are prescribed under Section 133 of the Act read with Rule 3 of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 and the relevant amendment rules issued thereafter.

Effective April 1, 2016, the Company has adopted all the Ind AS standards and the adoption was carried out in accordance with Ind AS 101, First-time Adoption of Indian Accounting Standards, with April 1, 2015 as the transition date. The transition was carried out from Indian Accounting Principles generally accepted in India as prescribed under Section 133 of the Act, read with Rule 7 of the Companies (Accounts) Rules, 2014 (IGAAP), which was the previous GAAP Accounting policies have been consistently applied except where a newly-issued accounting standard is initially adopted or a revision to an existing accounting standard requires a change in the accounting policy hitherto in use.

Amounts for the year ended March 31, 2017 and as at March 31,2017 were audited by previous auditors - B S R & Co LLP

As the year-end figures are taken from the source and rounded to the nearest digits, the figures reported for the previous quarters might not always add up to the year-end figures reported in this statement.

1.3 Use of estimates and judgments

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with Ind AS requires the Management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions. These estimates, judgments and assumptions affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. The application of accounting policies that require critical accounting estimates involving complex and subjective judgments and the use of assumptions in these financial statements have been disclosed in Note 1.4. Accounting estimates could change from period to period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Appropriate changes in estimates are made as the Management becomes aware of changes in circumstances surrounding the estimates. Changes in estimates are reflected in the financial statements in the period in which changes are made and, if material, their effects are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements.

1.4 Critical accounting estimates

a. Revenue recognition

The Company uses the percentage-of-completion method in accounting for its fixed-price contracts. Use of the percentage-of-completion method requires the Company to estimate the efforts or costs expended to date as a proportion of the total efforts or costs to be expended. Efforts or costs expended have been used to measure progress towards completion as there is a direct relationship between input and productivity Provisions for estimated losses, if any, on uncompleted contracts are recorded in the period in which such losses become probable based on the expected contract estimates at the reporting date.

b. Income taxes

The Company’s two major tax jurisdictions are India and the US, though the Company also files tax returns in other overseas jurisdictions. Significant judgments are involved in determining the provision for income taxes, including amount expected to be paid/recovered for uncertain tax positions. Also, refer to Notes 2.15 and 2.22.

c. Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment represent a significant proportion of the asset base of the Company. The charge in respect of periodic depreciation is derived after determining an estimate of an asset’s expected useful life and the expected residual value at the end of its life. The useful lives and residual values of Company’s assets are determined by the Management at the time the asset is acquired and reviewed periodically, including at each financial year end. The lives are based on historical experience with similar assets as well as anticipation of future events, which may impact their life, such as changes in technology.

d. Non-current assets held for sale

Assets held for sale are measured at the lower of carrying amount or fair value less costs to sell. The determination of fair value less costs to sell includes use of management estimates and assumptions. The fair value of the asset held for sale has been estimated using valuation techniques (mainly income and market approach), which include unobservable inputs.

1.5 Recent accounting pronouncements

Appendix B to Ind AS 21, Foreign currency transactions and advance consideration : On March 28, 2018, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (‘the MCA’) notified the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2018 containing Appendix B to Ind AS 21, Foreign currency transactions and advance consideration which clarifies the date of the transaction for the purpose of determining the exchange rate to use on initial recognition of the related asset, expense or income, when an entity has received or paid advance consideration in a foreign currency.

The amendment will come into force from April 1, 2018. The Company has evaluated the effect of this on the financial statements and the impact is not material.

Ind AS 115, Revenue from Contract with Customers : On March 28, 2018, the MCA notified the Ind AS 115. The core principle of the new standard is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. Further, the new standard requires enhanced disclosures about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from the entity’s contracts with customers.

The standard permits two possible methods of transition :

- Retrospective approach - Under this approach the standard will be applied retrospectively to each prior reporting period presented in accordance with Ind AS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors.

- Retrospectively with cumulative effect of initially applying the standard recognized at the date of initial application (Cumulative catch - up approach)

The effective date for adoption of Ind AS 115 is financial period beginning on or after April 1, 2018.

The Company will adopt the standard on April 1, 2018 by using the cumulative catch-up transition method and accordingly, comparatives for the year ending or ended March 31, 2018 will not be retrospectively adjusted. The effect on adoption of Ind AS 115 is expected to be insignificant.

2.1 Property, plant and equipment Accounting policy

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and impairment, if any Costs directly attributable to acquisition are capitalized until the

(1) Based on technical evaluation, the Management believes that the useful lives as given above best represent the period over which the Management expects to use these assets. Hence, the useful lives for these assets are different from the useful lives as prescribed under Part C of Schedule II of the Companies Act 2013.

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed periodically, including at each financial year end. Advances paid towards the acquisition of property, plant and equipment outstanding at each Balance Sheet date is classified as capital advances under other non-current assets and the cost of assets not ready to use before such date are disclosed under ‘Capital work-in-progress’. Subsequent expenditures relating to property, plant and equipment are capitalized only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with these will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. Repairs and maintenance costs are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss when incurred. The cost and related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the financial statements upon sale or retirement of the asset and the resultant gains or losses are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

Impairment

Property, plant and equipment are evaluated for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, the recoverable amount (i.e. the higher of the fair value less cost to sell and the value-in-use) is determined on an individual asset basis unless the asset does not generate cash flows that are largely independent of those from other assets. In such cases, the recoverable amount is determined for the Cash Generating Unit (CGU) to which the asset belongs.

If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss is measured by the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeds the estimated recoverable amount of the asset. An impairment loss is reversed in the Statement of Profit and Loss if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. The carrying amount of the asset is increased to its revised recoverable amount, provided that this amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of any accumulated depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years.

The goodwill which was transferred as part of the business transfer has been allocated to the Company’s CGU which is represented by the Energy & Utilities, Communication and Services segment.

2.2.2 Other intangible assets Accounting policy

Intangible assets are stated at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment. Intangible assets are amortized over their respective individual estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis, from the date that they are available for use. The estimated useful life of an identifiable intangible asset is based on a number of factors including the effects of obsolescence, demand, competition, and other economic factors (such as the stability of the industry, and known technological advances). Amortization methods and useful lives are reviewed periodically including at each financial year end.

Research costs are expensed as incurred. Software product development costs are expensed as incurred unless technical and commercial feasibility of the project is demonstrated, future economic benefits are probable, the Company has an intention and ability to complete and use or sell the software and the costs can be measured reliably. The costs which can be capitalized include the cost of material, direct labor and overhead costs that are directly attributable to preparing the asset for its intended use.

(2) During the three months ended June 30, 2017, Infosys Nova Holdings LLC, a wholly-owned subsidiary, has written down the entire carrying value of its investment in its associate DWA Nova LLC. Consequently, the Company has written down the entire carrying value of the investment in Infosys Nova Holdings LLC, amounting to Rs, 94 crore.

(3) During the year ended March 31, 2018, there was an additional capital infusion of Rs, 38 crore in Panaya Inc.

Refer to Note 2.9 for accounting policies on financial instruments.

Subsequently, in November 2017, Noah Consulting LLC has been liquidated and the Company received Rs, 316 crore as proceeds on liquidation.

2.3.2 Brilliant Basics Holdings Limited

On September 8, 2017, Infosys acquired 100% of the voting interests in Brilliant Basics Holdings Limited, UK, (Brilliant Basics) a product design and customer experience innovator with experience in executing global programs. The business acquisition was conducted by entering into a share purchase agreement for a cash consideration of Rs, 29 crore, a contingent consideration of up to Rs, 20 crore and an additional consideration of up to Rs, 13 crore, referred to as retention bonus, payable to the employees of Brilliant Basics at each anniversary year over the next two years, subject to their continuous employment with the group at each anniversary The fair value of contingent consideration on the date of acquisition is Rs, 17 crore.

Proposed investment

On April 13, 2018, the Company entered into a definitive agreement to acquire WongDoody Holding Company Inc., a US-based creative and consumer insights agency for a total consideration of up to US$ 75 million (approximately Rs, 489 crore) including contingent consideration and retention payouts, subject to regulatory approvals and fulfillment of closing conditions.

Cash and cash equivalents as at March 31, 2018 and March 31, 2017 include restricted cash and bank balances of Rs, 375 crore and Rs, 411 crore, respectively. The restrictions are primarily on account of bank balances held as margin money deposits against guarantees and balances held in unpaid dividend bank accounts.

The deposits maintained by the Company with banks and financial institutions comprise time deposits, which can be withdrawn by the Company at any point without prior notice or penalty on the principal.

Deferred contract costs are upfront costs incurred for the contract and are amortized over the term of the contract. Withholding taxes and others primarily consist of input tax credits.

2.9 Financial instruments Accounting policy

2.9.1 Initial recognition

The Company recognizes financial assets and financial liabilities when it becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. All financial assets and liabilities are recognized at fair value on initial recognition, except for trade receivables which are initially measured at transaction price. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities, which are not at fair value through profit or loss, are added to the fair value on initial recognition. Regular way purchase and sale of financial assets are accounted for at trade date.

2.9.2 Subsequent measurement

a. Non-derivative financial instruments

(i) Financial assets carried at amortized cost

A financial asset is subsequently measured at amortized cost if it is held within a business model whose objective is to hold the asset in order to collect contractual cash flows and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

(ii) Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income

A financial asset is subsequently measured at fair value through other comprehensive income if it is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. The Company has made an irrevocable election for its investments which are classified as equity instruments to present the subsequent changes in fair value in other comprehensive income based on its business model.

(iii) Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

A financial asset, which is not classified in any of the above categories, is subsequently fair valued through profit or loss.

(iv) Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are subsequently carried at amortized cost using the effective interest method, except for contingent consideration recognized in a business combination, which is subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss. For trade and other payables maturing within one year from the Balance Sheet date, the carrying amounts approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments.

(v) Investment in subsidiaries

Investment in subsidiaries is carried at cost in the separate financial statements.

b. Derivative financial instruments

The Company holds derivative financial instruments such as foreign exchange forward and options contracts to mitigate the risk of changes in exchange rates on foreign currency exposures. The counterparty for these contracts is generally a bank.

(i) Financial assets or financial liabilities, at fair value through profit or loss.

This category includes derivative financial assets or liabilities which are not designated as hedges.

Although the Company believes that these derivatives constitute hedges from an economic perspective, they may not qualify for hedge accounting under Ind AS 109, Financial Instruments. Any derivative that is either not designated as hedge, or is so designated but is ineffective as per Ind AS 109, is categorized as a financial asset or financial liability, at fair value through profit or loss.

Derivatives not designated as hedges are recognized initially at fair value and attributable transaction costs are recognized in net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss when incurred. Subsequent to initial recognition, these derivatives are measured at fair value through profit or loss and the resulting exchange gains or losses are included in other income. Assets/ liabilities in this category are presented as current assets/current liabilities if they are either held for trading or are expected to be realized within 12 months after the Balance Sheet date.

(ii) Cash flow hedge

The Company designates certain foreign exchange forward and options contracts as cash flow hedges to mitigate the risk of foreign exchange exposure on highly probable forecast cash transactions.

When a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedging instrument, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the cash flow hedging reserve. Any ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized immediately in the net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss. If the hedging instrument no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, then hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively. If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, the cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument recognized in cash flow hedging reserve till the period the hedge was effective, remains in cash flow hedging reserve until the forecasted transaction occurs. The cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in the cash flow hedging reserve is transferred to the net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss upon the occurrence of the related forecasted transaction.

If the forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur, then the amount accumulated in cash flow hedging reserve is reclassified to net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

c. Share capital Ordinary shares

Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issuance of new ordinary shares and share options and buy back of ordinary shares are recognized as a deduction from equity, net of any tax effects.

2.9.3 Derecognition of financial instruments

The Company derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire or it transfers the financial asset and the transfer qualifies for derecognition under Ind AS 109. A financial liability (or a part of a financial liability) is derecognized from the Company’s Balance Sheet when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged or cancelled or expires.

2.9.4 Fair value of financial instruments

In determining the fair value of its financial instruments, the Company uses a variety of methods and assumptions that are based on market conditions and risks existing at each reporting date. The methods used to determine fair value include discounted cash flow analysis, available quoted market prices and dealer quotes. All methods of assessing fair value result in general approximation of value, and such value may never actually be realized.

Refer to ‘Financial instruments by category’ for the disclosure on carrying value and fair value of financial assets and liabilities. For financial assets and liabilities maturing within one year from the Balance Sheet date and which are not carried at fair value, the carrying amounts approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments.

2.9.5 Impairment

The Company recognizes loss allowances using the expected credit loss (ECL) model for the financial assets which are not fair valued through profit or loss. Loss allowance for trade receivables with no significant financing component is measured at an amount equal to lifetime ECL. For all other financial assets, expected credit losses are measured at an amount equal to the 12-month ECL, unless there has been a significant increase in credit risk from initial recognition in which case those are measured at lifetime ECL. The amount of expected credit losses (or reversal) that is required to adjust the loss allowance at the reporting date to the amount that is required to be recognized, is recognized as an impairment gain or loss in the statement of profit or loss.


Mar 31, 2017

1.1 Company overview

Infosys (‘the Company’) is a leading provider of consulting, technology, outsourcing and next-generation services. Along with its subsidiaries, Infosys provides business IT services (comprising application development and maintenance, independent validation, infrastructure management, engineering services comprising product engineering and life-cycle solutions and business process management); consulting and systems integration services (comprising consulting, enterprise solutions, systems integration and advanced technologies); products, business platforms and solutions to accelerate intellectual property-led innovation including Finacle®, its banking solution; and offerings in the areas of analytics, cloud, and digital transformation.

The Company is a public limited company incorporated and domiciled in India and has its registered office in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. The Company has its primary listings on the BSE Limited and National Stock Exchange of India Limited. The Company’s American Depositary Shares (ADSs) representing equity shares are also listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), Euronext London and Euronext Paris.

The financial statements are approved for issue by the Company’s Board of Directors on April 13, 2017.

1.2 Basis of preparation of financial statements

These financial statements are prepared in accordance with Indian Accounting Standards (Ind AS) under the historical cost convention on the accrual basis except for certain financial instruments which are measured at fair values, the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 (‘the Act’) (to the extent notified) and guidelines issued by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). The Ind AS are prescribed under Section 133 of the Act read with Rule 3 of the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 and Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2016.

The Company has adopted all the Ind AS standards and the adoption was carried out in accordance with Ind AS 101, First-Time Adoption of Indian Accounting Standards. The transition was carried out from Indian Accounting Principles generally accepted in India as prescribed under Section 133 of the Act, read with Rule 7 of the Companies (Accounts) Rules, 2014 (IGAAP), which was the previous GAAP. Reconciliations and descriptions of the effect of the transition have been summarized in Note 2.1.

Accounting policies have been consistently applied except where a newly-issued accounting standard is initially adopted or a revision to an existing accounting standard requires a change in the accounting policy hitherto in use.

As the quarter and year figures are taken from the source and rounded to the nearest digits, the figures already reported for all the quarters during the year might not always add up to the year figures reported in this statement.

1.3 Use of estimates

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with Ind AS requires the Management to make estimates, judgments and assumptions. These estimates, judgments and assumptions affect the application of accounting policies and the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the period. The application of accounting policies that require critical accounting estimates involving complex and subjective judgments and the use of assumptions in these financial statements have been disclosed in Note 1.4. Accounting estimates could change from period to period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Appropriate changes in estimates are made as the Management becomes aware of the changes in circumstances surrounding the estimates. Changes in estimates are reflected in the financial statements in the period in which changes are made and, if material, their effects are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements.

1.4 Critical accounting estimates

a. Revenue recognition

The Company uses the percentage-of-completion method in accounting for its fixed-price contracts. The use of the percentage-of-completion method requires the Company to estimate the efforts or costs expended to date as a proportion of the total efforts or costs to be expended. Efforts or costs expended have been used to measure progress towards completion as there is a direct relationship between input and productivity. Provisions for estimated losses, if any, on uncompleted contracts are recorded in the period in which such losses become probable based on the expected contract estimates at the reporting date.

b. Income taxes

The Company’s two major tax jurisdictions are India and the U.S., though the Company also files tax returns in other overseas jurisdictions. Significant judgments are involved in determining the provision for income taxes, including amount expected to be paid / recovered for uncertain tax positions. Refer to Notes 2.17 and 2.24.

c. Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment represent a significant proportion of the asset base of the Company. The charge in respect of periodic depreciation is derived after determining an estimate of an asset’s expected useful life and the expected residual value at the end of its life. The useful lives and residual values of the Company’s assets are determined by the Management at the time the asset is acquired and reviewed periodically, including at each financial year end. The lives are based on historical experience with similar assets as well as anticipation of future events, which may impact their life, such as changes in technology.

1.5 Revenue recognition

The Company derives revenues primarily from software development and related services and from the licensing of software products. Arrangements with customers for software related services are either on a fixed-price, fixed-timeframe or on a time-and-material basis.

Revenue on time-and-material contracts are recognized as the related services are performed and revenue from the end of the last billing to the Balance Sheet date is recognized as unbilled revenues. Revenue from fixed-price, fixed-timeframe contracts, where there is no uncertainty as to measurement or collectability of consideration, is recognized as per the percentage-of-completion method. When there is uncertainty as to the measurement or ultimate collectability, revenue recognition is postponed until such uncertainty is resolved. Efforts or costs expended have been used to measure progress towards completion as there is a direct relationship between input and productivity. Provisions for estimated losses, if any, on uncompleted contracts are recorded in the period in which such losses become probable based on the current contract estimates. Costs and earnings in excess of billings are classified as unbilled revenue while billings in excess of costs and earnings are classified as unearned revenue. Deferred contract costs are amortized over the term of the contract. Maintenance revenue is recognized ratably over the term of the underlying maintenance arrangement.

In arrangements for software development and related services and maintenance services, the Company has applied the guidance in Ind AS 18, Revenue, by applying the revenue recognition criteria for each separately identifiable component of a single transaction. The arrangements generally meet the criteria for considering software development and related services as separately identifiable components. For allocating the consideration, the Company has measured the revenue in respect of each separable component of a transaction at its fair value, in accordance with principles given in Ind AS 18. The price that is regularly charged for an item when sold separately is the best evidence of its fair value. In cases where the Company is unable to establish objective and reliable evidence of fair value for the software development and related services, the Company has used a residual method to allocate the arrangement consideration. In these cases, the balance of the consideration, after allocating the fair values of undelivered components of a transaction, has been allocated to the delivered components for which specific fair values do not exist.

License fee revenues are recognized when the general revenue recognition criteria given in Ind AS 18 are met. Arrangements to deliver software products generally have three elements : license, implementation and Annual Technical Services (ATS). The Company has applied the principles given in Ind AS 18 to account for revenues from these multiple element arrangements. Objective and reliable evidence of fair value has been established for ATS. Objective and reliable evidence of fair value is the price charged when the element is sold separately. When other services are provided in conjunction with the licensing arrangement and objective and reliable evidence of their fair values have been established, the revenue from such contracts are allocated to each component of the contract in a manner, whereby revenue is deferred for the undelivered services and the residual amounts are recognized as revenue for delivered elements. In the absence of objective and reliable evidence of fair value for implementation, the entire arrangement fee for license and implementation is recognized using the percentage-of-completion method as the implementation is performed. Revenue from client training, support and other services arising due to the sale of software products is recognized as the services are performed. ATS revenue is recognized rate ably over the period in which the services are rendered.

Advances received for services and products are reported as client deposits until all conditions for revenue recognition are met.

The Company accounts for volume discounts and pricing incentives to customers as a reduction of revenue based on the rateable allocation of the discounts / incentives amount to each of the underlying revenue transaction that results in progress by the customer towards earning the discount / incentive. Also, when the level of discount varies with increases in levels of revenue transactions, the Company recognizes the liability based on its estimate of the customers future purchases. If it is probable that the criteria for the discount will not be met, or if the amount thereof cannot be estimated reliably, then the discount is not recognized until the payment is probable and the amount can be estimated reliably. The Company recognizes changes in the estimated amount of obligations for discounts in the period in which the change occurs. The discounts are passed on to the customer either as direct payments or as a reduction of payments due from the customer.

The Company presents revenues net of value-added taxes in its Statement of Profit and Loss.

(1) Based on technical evaluation, the Management believes that the useful lives as given above best represent the period over which the Management expects to use these assets. Hence, the useful lives for these assets is different from the useful lives as prescribed under Part C of Schedule II of the Companies Act, 2013.

Depreciation methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed periodically, including at each financial year end. Advances paid towards the acquisition of property, plant and equipment outstanding at each Balance Sheet date is classified as capital advances under other non-current assets and the cost of assets not put to use before such date are disclosed under ‘Capital work-in-progress’. Subsequent expenditures relating to property, plant and equipment are capitalized only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with these will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. Repairs and maintenance costs are recognized in net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss when incurred. The cost and related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the financial statements upon sale or retirement of the asset and the resultant gains or losses are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Assets to be disposed of are reported at the lower of the carrying value or the fair value less cost to sell.

1.7 Intangible assets

Intangible assets are stated at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment. Intangible assets are amortized over their respective individual estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis, from the date that they are available for use. The estimated useful life of an identifiable intangible asset is based on a number of factors including the effects of obsolescence, demand, competition, and other economic factors (such as the stability of the industry, and known technological advances), and the level of maintenance expenditures required to obtain the expected future cash flows from the asset. Amortization methods and useful lives are reviewed periodically including at each financial year end.

Research costs are expensed as incurred. Software product development costs are expensed as incurred unless technical and commercial feasibility of the project is demonstrated, future economic benefits are probable, the Company has an intention and ability to complete and use or sell the software and the costs can be measured reliably. The costs which can be capitalized include the cost of material, direct labor, overhead costs that are directly attributable to preparing the asset for its intended use. Research and development costs and software development costs incurred under contractual arrangements with customers are accounted as expenses in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

1.8 Financial instruments

1.8.1 Initial recognition

The Company recognizes financial assets and financial liabilities when it becomes a party to the contractual provisions of the instrument. All financial assets and liabilities are recognized at fair value on initial recognition, except for trade receivables which are initially measured at transaction price. Transaction costs that are directly attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities that are not at fair value through profit or loss, are added to the fair value on initial recognition. Regular way purchase and sale of financial assets are accounted for at trade date.

1.8.2 Subsequent measurement

a. Non-derivative financial instruments

(i) Financial assets carried at amortized cost A financial asset is subsequently measured at amortized cost if it is held within a business model whose objective is to hold the asset in order to collect contractual cash flows, and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

(ii) Financial assets at fair value through other comprehensive income

A financial asset is subsequently measured at fair value through other comprehensive income if it is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. Further, in cases where the Company has made an irrevocable election based on its business model, for its investments which are classified as equity instruments, the subsequent changes in fair value are recognized in other comprehensive income.

(iii) Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss

A financial asset which is not classified in any of the above categories is subsequently fair valued through profit or loss.

(iv) Financial liabilities

Financial liabilities are subsequently carried at amortized cost using the effective interest method, except for contingent consideration recognized in a business combination which is subsequently measured at fair value through profit and loss. For trade and other payables maturing within one year from the Balance Sheet date, the carrying amounts approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments.

(v) Investment in subsidiaries

Investment in subsidiaries is carried at cost in the separate financial statements.

b. Derivative financial instruments

The Company holds derivative financial instruments such as foreign exchange forward and options contracts to mitigate the risk of changes in exchange rates on foreign currency exposures. The counterparty for these contracts is generally a bank.

(i) Financial assets or financial liabilities, at fair value through profit or loss.

This category has derivative financial assets or liabilities which are not designated as hedges.

Although the Company believes that these derivatives constitute hedges from an economic perspective, they may not qualify for hedge accounting under Ind AS 109, Financial Instruments. Any derivative that is either not designated a hedge, or is so designated but is ineffective as per Ind AS 109, is categorized as a financial asset or financial liability, at fair value through profit or loss.

Derivatives not designated as hedges are recognized initially at fair value and attributable transaction costs are recognized in net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss when incurred. Subsequent to initial recognition, these derivatives are measured at fair value through profit or loss and the resulting exchange gains or losses are included in other income. Assets / liabilities in this category are presented as current assets / current liabilities if they are either held for trading or are expected to be realized within 12 months after the Balance Sheet date.

(ii) Cash flow hedge

The Company designates certain foreign exchange forward and options contracts as cash flow hedges to mitigate the risk of foreign exchange exposure on highly probable forecast cash transactions.

When a derivative is designated as a cash flow hedging instrument, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized in other comprehensive income and accumulated in the cash flow hedging reserve. Any ineffective portion of changes in the fair value of the derivative is recognized immediately in the net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss. If the hedging instrument no longer meets the criteria for hedge accounting, then hedge accounting is discontinued prospectively. If the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated or exercised, the cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument recognized in cash flow hedging reserve till the period the hedge was effective remains in cash flow hedging reserve until the forecasted transaction occurs. The cumulative gain or loss previously recognized in the cash flow hedging reserve is transferred to the net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss upon the occurrence of the related forecasted transaction. If the forecasted transaction is no longer expected to occur, then the amount accumulated in cash flow hedging reserve is reclassified to net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

c. Share capital

Ordinary shares

Ordinary shares are classified as equity. Incremental costs directly attributable to the issuance of new ordinary shares and share options are recognized as a deduction from equity, net of any tax effects.

1.8.3 Derecognition of financial instruments

The Company derecognizes a financial asset when the contractual rights to the cash flows from the financial asset expire or it transfers the financial asset and the transfer qualifies for derecognition under Ind AS 109. A financial liability (or a part of a financial liability) is derecognized from the Company’s Balance Sheet when the obligation specified in the contract is discharged or cancelled or expires.

1.9 Fair value of financial instruments

In determining the fair value of its financial instruments, the Company uses a variety of methods and assumptions that are based on market conditions and risks existing at each reporting date. The methods used to determine fair value include discounted cash flow analysis, available quoted market prices and dealer quotes. All methods of assessing fair value result in general approximation of value, and such value may never actually be realized.

Refer to Note 2.11 in for the disclosure on carrying value and fair value of financial assets and liabilities. For financial assets and liabilities maturing within one year from the Balance Sheet date and which are not carried at fair value, the carrying amounts approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments.

1.10 Impairment

a. Financial assets

The Company recognizes loss allowances using the expected credit loss (ECL) model for the financial assets which are not fair valued through profit or loss. Loss allowance for trade receivables with no significant financing component is measured at an amount equal to lifetime ECL. For all other financial assets, ECLs are measured at an amount equal to the 12-month ECL, unless there has been a significant increase in credit risk from initial recognition in which case those are measured at lifetime ECL. The amount of ECLs (or reversal) that is required to adjust the loss allowance at the reporting date to the amount that is required to be recognized is recognized as an impairment gain or loss in profit or loss.

b. Non-financial assets

(i) Intangible assets and property, plant and equipment

Intangible assets and property, plant and equipment are evaluated for recoverability whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that their carrying amounts may not be recoverable. For the purpose of impairment testing, the recoverable amount (i.e. the higher of the fair value less cost to sell and the value-in-use) is determined on an individual asset basis unless the asset does not generate cash flows that are largely independent of those from other assets. In such cases, the recoverable amount is determined for the CGU to which the asset belongs.

If such assets are considered to be impaired, the impairment to be recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss is measured by the amount by which the carrying value of the assets exceeds the estimated recoverable amount of the asset. An impairment loss is reversed in the Statement of Profit and Loss if there has been a change in the estimates used to determine the recoverable amount. The carrying amount of the asset is increased to its revised recoverable amount, provided that this amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of any accumulated amortization or depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years.

1.11 Provisions

A provision is recognized if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal or constructive obligation that is reasonably estimable, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are determined by discounting the expected future cash flows at a pre-tax rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the liability.

a. Post-sales client support

The Company provides its clients with a fixed-period post-sales support for corrections of errors and support on all its fixed-price, fixed-timeframe contracts. Costs associated with such support services are accrued at the time related revenues are recorded in the Statement of Profit and Loss. The Company estimates such costs based on historical experience and estimates are reviewed on a periodic basis for any material changes in assumptions and likelihood of occurrence.

b. Onerous contracts

Provisions for onerous contracts are recognized when the expected benefits to be derived by the Company from a contract are lower than the unavoidable costs of meeting the future obligations under the contract. The provision is measured at the present value of the lower of the expected cost of terminating the contract and the expected net cost of continuing with the contract. Before a provision is established, the Company recognizes any impairment loss on the assets associated with that contract.

1.12 Foreign currency Functional currency

The functional currency of the Company is the Indian rupee. These financial statements are presented in Indian rupees (rounded off to crore; one crore equals 10 million).

Transactions and translations

Foreign-currency-denominated monetary assets and liabilities are translated into the relevant functional currency at exchange rates in effect at the Balance Sheet date. The gains or losses resulting from such translations are included in net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Non-monetary assets and non-monetary liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and measured at fair value are translated at the exchange rate prevalent at the date when the fair value was determined. Non-monetary assets and non-monetary liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and measured at historical cost are translated at the exchange rate prevalent at the date of the transaction.

Transaction gains or losses realized upon settlement of foreign currency transactions are included in determining net profit for the period in which the transaction is settled. Revenue, expense and cash-flow items denominated in foreign currencies are translated into the relevant functional currencies using the exchange rate in effect on the date of the transaction.

1.13 Earnings per equity share

Basic earnings per equity share are computed by dividing the net profit attributable to the equity holders of the Company by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per equity share are computed by dividing the net profit attributable to the equity holders of the Company by the weighted average number of equity shares considered for deriving basic earnings per equity share and also the weighted average number of equity shares that could have been issued upon conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares. The dilutive potential equity shares are adjusted for the proceeds receivable had the equity shares been actually issued at fair value (i.e. the average market value of the outstanding equity shares). Dilutive potential equity shares are deemed converted as of the beginning of the period, unless issued at a later date. Dilutive potential equity shares are determined independently for each period presented.

The number of equity shares and potentially dilutive equity shares are adjusted retrospectively for all periods presented for any share splits and bonus shares issues including for changes effected prior to the approval of the financial statements by the Board of Directors.

1.14 Income taxes

Income tax expense comprises current and deferred income tax. Income tax expense is recognized in net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss except to the extent that it relates to items recognized directly in equity, in which case it is recognized in other comprehensive income. Current income tax for current and prior periods is recognized at the amount expected to be paid to or recovered from the tax authorities, using the tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the Balance Sheet date. Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recognized for all temporary differences arising between the tax bases of assets and liabilities and their carrying amounts in the financial statements. Deferred tax assets are reviewed at each reporting date and are reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that the related tax benefit will be realized.

Deferred income tax assets and liabilities are measured using tax rates and tax laws that have been enacted or substantively enacted by the Balance Sheet date and are expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. The effect of changes in tax rates on deferred income tax assets and liabilities is recognized as income or expense in the period that includes the enactment or the substantive enactment date. A deferred income tax asset is recognized to the extent that it is probable that future taxable profit will be available against which the deductible temporary differences and tax losses can be utilized. Deferred income taxes are not provided on the undistributed earnings of subsidiaries and branches where it is expected that the earnings of the subsidiary or branch will not be distributed in the foreseeable future. The Company offsets current tax assets and current tax liabilities, where it has a legally enforceable right to set off the recognized amounts and where it intends either to settle on a net basis, or to realize the asset and settle the liability simultaneously. Tax benefits of deductions earned on the exercise of employee share options in excess of compensation charged to income are credited to share premium.

1.15 Employee benefits

1.15.1 Gratuity

The Company provides for gratuity, a defined benefit retirement plan (‘the Gratuity Plan’) covering eligible employees. The Gratuity Plan provides a lump-sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death, incapacitation or termination of employment, of an amount based on the respective employee’s salary and the tenure of employment with the Company.

Liabilities with regard to the Gratuity Plan are determined by actuarial valuation, performed by an independent actuary, at each Balance Sheet date using the projected unit credit method. The Company fully contributes all ascertained liabilities to the Infosys Limited Employees’ Gratuity Fund Trust (‘the Trust’). Trustees administer contributions made to the Trusts and contributions are invested in a scheme with the Life Insurance Corporation of India as permitted by Indian law.

The Company recognizes the net obligation of a defined benefit plan in its Balance Sheet as an asset or liability

Gains and losses through remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability / (asset) are recognized in other comprehensive income. The actual return of the portfolio of plan assets, in excess of the yields computed by applying the discount rate used to measure the defined benefit obligation is recognized in other comprehensive income. The effect of any plan amendments are recognized in net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

1.15.2 Superannuation

Certain employees of Infosys are participants in a defined contribution plan. The Company has no further obligations to the plan beyond its monthly contributions which are periodically contributed to a trust fund, the corpus of which is invested with the Life Insurance Corporation of India.

1.15.3 Provident fund

Eligible employees of Infosys receive benefits from a provident fund, which is a defined benefit plan. Both the eligible employee and the Company make monthly contributions to the provident fund plan equal to a specified percentage of the covered employee’s salary. The Company contributes a portion to the Infosys Limited Employees’ Provident Fund Trust. The trust invests in specific designated instruments as permitted by Indian law. The remaining portion is contributed to the government-administered pension fund. The rate at which the annual interest is payable to the beneficiaries by the trust is being administered by the government. The Company has an obligation to make good the shortfall, if any, between the return from the investments of the trust and the notified interest rate.

1.15.4 Compensated absences

The Company has a policy on compensated absences which are both accumulating and non-accumulating in nature. The expected cost of accumulating compensated absences is determined by actuarial valuation performed by an independent actuary at each Balance Sheet date using projected unit credit method on the additional amount expected to be paid / availed as a result of the unused entitlement that has accumulated at the Balance Sheet date. Expense on non-accumulating compensated absences is recognized in the period in which the absences occur.

1.16 Share-based compensation

The Company recognizes compensation expense relating to share-based payments in net profit using fair value in accordance with Ind AS 102, Share-Based Payment. The estimated fair value of awards is charged to income on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for each separately vesting portion of the award as if the award was in-substance, multiple awards with a corresponding increase to share options outstanding account.

1.17 Cash flow statement

Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby profit for the period is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments and item of income or expenses associated with investing or financing cash flows. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated.

1.18 Dividends

The final dividend on shares is recorded as a liability on the date of approval by the shareholders, and interim dividends are recorded as a liability on the date of declaration by the Company’s Board of Directors.

1.19 Other income

Other income is comprised primarily of interest income, dividend income, gain / loss on investments and exchange gain / loss on forward and options contracts and on translation of other assets and liabilities. Interest income is recognized using the effective interest method. Dividend income is recognized when the right to receive payment is established.

1.20 Leases

Leases under which the Company assumes substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases. When acquired, such assets are capitalized at fair value or present value of the minimum lease payments at the inception of the lease, whichever is lower. Lease payments under operating leases are recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis in net profit in the Statement of Profit and Loss over the lease term.

1.21 Recent accounting pronouncements

1.21.1 Standards issued but not yet effective

In March 2017, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs issued the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) (Amendments) Rules, 2017, notifying amendments to Ind AS 7, Statement of Cash Flows and Ind AS 102, Share-Based Payment. These amendments are in accordance with the recent amendments made by International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to IAS 7, Statement of Cash Flows and IFRS 2, Share-Based Payment, respectively. The amendments are applicable to the Company from April 1, 2017.

Amendment to Ind AS 7

The amendment to Ind AS 7 requires the entities to provide disclosures that enable users of financial statements to evaluate changes in liabilities arising from financing activities, including both changes arising from cash flows and non-cash changes, suggesting inclusion of a reconciliation between the opening and closing balances in the Balance Sheet for liabilities arising from financing activities, to meet the disclosure requirement.

The Company has evaluated the disclosure requirements of the amendment and the effect on the standalone financial statements is not expected to be material.

Amendment to Ind AS 102

The amendment to Ind AS 102 provides specific guidance for the measurement of cash-settled awards, modification of cash-settled awards and awards that include a net settlement feature in respect of withholding taxes.

It clarifies that the fair value of cash-settled awards is determined on a basis consistent with that used for equity-settled awards. Market-based performance conditions and non-vesting conditions are reflected in the ‘fair values’, but non-market performance conditions and service vesting conditions are reflected in the estimate of the number of awards expected to vest. Also, the amendment clarifies that if the terms and conditions of a cash-settled share-based payment transaction are modified with the result that it becomes an equity-settled share-based payment transaction, the transaction is accounted for as such from the date of the modification. Further, the amendment requires the award that include a net settlement feature in respect of withholding taxes to be treated as equity-settled in its entirety. The cash payment to the tax authority is treated as if it was part of an equity settlement.


Mar 31, 2015

1.1 Basis of preparation of financial statements

These financial statements are prepared in accordance with Indian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) under the historical cost convention on the accrual basis except for certain financial instruments which are measured at fair values. GAAP comprises mandatory accounting standards as prescribed under Section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013 (''the Act'') read with Rule 7 of the Companies (Accounts) Rules, 2014, the provisions of the Act (to the extent notified) and guidelines issued by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Accounting policies have been consistently applied except where a newly-issued accounting standard is initially adopted or a revision to an existing accounting standard requires a change in the accounting policy hitherto in use.

1.2 Use of estimates

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported balances of assets and liabilities and disclosures relating to contingent liabilities as at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of income and expenses during the period. Examples of such estimates include computation of percentage of completion which requires the Company to estimate the efforts or costs expended to date as a proportion of the total efforts or costs to be expended, provisions for doubtful debts, future obligations under employee retirement benefit plans, income taxes, post-sales customer support and the useful lives of fixed tangible assets and intangible assets.

Accounting estimates could change from period to period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Appropriate changes in estimates are made as the Management becomes aware of changes in circumstances surrounding the estimates. Changes in estimates are reflected in the financial statements in the period in which changes are made and, if material, their effects are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements.

1.3 Revenue recognition

Revenue is primarily derived from software development and related services and from the licensing of software products. Arrangements with customers for software development and related services are either on a fixed-price, fixed-timeframe or on a time-and-material basis. Revenue on time-and-material contracts are recognized as the related services are performed and revenue from the end of the last billing to the Balance Sheet date is recognized as unbilled revenues. Revenue from fixed-price and fixed-timeframe contracts, where there is no uncertainty as to measurement or collectability of consideration, is recognized based upon the percentage-of-completion method. When there is uncertainty as to measurement or ultimate collectability, revenue recognition is postponed until such uncertainty is resolved. Cost and earnings in excess of billings are classified as unbilled revenue while billings in excess of cost and earnings are classified as unearned revenue. Provision for estimated losses, if any, on uncompleted contracts are recorded in the period in which such losses become probable based on the current estimates.

Annual Technical Services revenue and revenue from fixed-price maintenance contracts are recognized ratably over the period in which services are rendered. Revenue from the sale of user licenses for software applications is recognized on transfer of the title in the user license, except in case of multiple element contracts, which require significant implementation services, where revenue for the entire arrangement is recognized over the implementation period based upon the percentage-of-completion method. Revenue from client training, support and other services arising due to the sale of software products is recognized as the related services are performed.

The Company accounts for volume discounts and pricing incentives to customers as a reduction of revenue based on the ratable allocation of the discount / incentive amount to each of the underlying revenue transactions that result in progress by the customer towards earning the discount / incentive. Also, when the level of discount varies with increases in levels of revenue transactions, the Company recognizes the liability based on its estimate of the customer''s future purchases. If it is probable that the criteria for the discount will not be met, or if the amount thereof cannot be estimated reliably, then discount is not recognized until the payment is probable and the amount can be estimated reliably. The Company recognizes changes in the estimated amount of obligations for discounts using a cumulative catchup approach. The discounts are passed on to the customer either as direct payments or as a reduction of payments due from the customer.

The Company presents revenues net of indirect taxes in its Statement of Profit and Loss.

Profit on sale of investments is recorded on transfer of title from the Company and is determined as the difference between the sale price and carrying value of the investment. Lease rentals are recognized ratably on a straight-line basis over the lease term. Interest is recognized using the time-proportion method, based on rates implicit in the transaction. Dividend income is recognized when the Company''s right to receive dividend is established.

1.4 Provisions and contingent liabilities

A provision is recognized if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal obligation that is reasonably estimable, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are determined by the best estimate of the outflow of economic benefits required to settle the obligation at the reporting date. Where no reliable estimate can be made, a disclosure is made as contingent liability. A disclosure for a contingent liability is also made when there is a possible obligation or a present obligation that may, but probably will not, require an outflow of resources. Where there is a possible obligation or a present obligation in respect of which the likelihood of outflow of resources is remote, no provision or disclosure is made.

1.5 Post-sales client support and warranties

The Company provides its clients with a fixed-period warranty for corrections of errors and support on all its fixed-price, fixed-timeframe contracts. Costs associated with such support services are accrued at the time when related revenues are recorded and included in Statement of Profit and Loss. The Company estimates such costs based on historical experience and the estimates are reviewed annually for any material changes in assumptions.

1.6 Onerous contracts

Provisions for onerous contracts are recognized when the expected benefits to be derived by the Company from a contract are lower than the unavoidable costs of meeting the future obligations under the contract. The provision is measured at lower of the expected cost of terminating the contract and the expected net cost of fulfilling the contract.

1.7 Tangible assets and capital work-in-progress

Tangible assets are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and impairment, if any. Direct costs are capitalized until such assets are ready for use. Capital work-in-progress comprises the cost of fixed assets that are not yet ready for their intended use at the reporting date.

1.8 Intangible assets

Intangible assets are recorded at the consideration paid for acquisition of such assets and are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment.

Research costs are expensed as incurred. Software product development costs are expensed as incurred unless technical and commercial feasibility of the project is demonstrated, future economic benefits are probable, the Company has an intention and ability to complete and use or sell the software and the costs can be measured reliably.

1.9 Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation on tangible assets is provided on the straight-line method over the useful lives of assets estimated by the Management. Depreciation for assets purchased / sold during a period is proportionately charged. Intangible assets are amortized over their respective individual estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis, commencing from the date the asset is available to the Company for its use. The Management estimates the useful lives for the other fixed assets as follows :

1 For these classes of assets, based on internal assessment and independent technical evaluation carried out by external valuers, the Management believes that the useful lives as given above best represent the period over which the Management expects to use these assets. Hence the useful lives for these assets is different from the useful lives as prescribed under Part C of Schedule II of the Companies Act 2013.

Depreciation and amortization methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed periodically, including at each financial year end (Refer to Note 2.8).

1.10 Impairment

The Management periodically assesses, using external and internal sources, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. An impairment loss is recognized wherever the carrying value of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is higher of the asset''s net selling price and value in use, which means the present value of future cash flows expected to arise from the continuing use of the asset and its eventual disposal. An impairment loss for an asset is reversed if, and only if, the reversal can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognized. The carrying amount of an asset is increased to its revised recoverable amount, provided that this amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of any accumulated amortization or depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years.

1.11 Retirement benefits to employees Gratuity

The Company provides for gratuity, a defined benefit retirement plan (''the Gratuity Plan'') covering eligible employees. The Gratuity Plan provides a lump-sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death, incapacitation or termination of employment, of an amount based on the respective employee''s salary and the tenure of employment with the Company.

Liabilities with regard to the Gratuity Plan are determined by actuarial valuation, performed by an independent actuary, at each Balance Sheet date using the projected unit credit method. The Company fully contributes all ascertained liabilities to the Infosys Limited Employees'' Gratuity Fund Trust (''the Trust''). Trustees administer contributions made to the Trust and contributions are invested in a scheme with Life Insurance Corporation of India, as permitted by law of India. The Company recognizes the net obligation of the gratuity plan in the Balance Sheet as an asset or liability, respectively in accordance with Accounting Standard (AS) 15, ''Employee Benefits''. The Company''s overall expected long-term rate-of-return on assets has been determined based on consideration of available market information, current provisions of Indian law specifying the instruments in which investments can be made, and historical returns. The discount rate is based on the Government securities yield. Actuarial gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they arise.

Superannuation

Certain employees are also participants in the superannuation plan (''the Plan'') which is a defined contribution plan. The Company has no obligations to the Plan beyond its monthly contributions, which are periodically contributed to a trust fund, the corpus of which is invested with Life Insurance Corporation of India.

Provident fund

Eligible employees receive benefits from a provident fund, which is a defined benefit plan. Both the employee and the Company make monthly contributions to the provident fund plan equal to a specified percentage of the covered employee''s salary The Company contributes a portion to the Infosys Limited Employees'' Provident Fund Trust. The trust invests in specific designated instruments as permitted by Indian law. The remaining portion is contributed to the government administered pension fund. The rate at which the annual interest is payable to the beneficiaries by the trust is being administered by the government. The Company has an obligation to make good the shortfall, if any, between the return from the investments of the trust and the notified interest rate.

Compensated absences

The employees of the Company are entitled to compensated absences which are both accumulating and non-accumulating in nature. The expected cost of accumulating compensated absences is determined by actuarial valuation using projected unit credit method on the additional amount expected to be paid / availed as a result of the unused entitlement that has accumulated at the Balance Sheet date. Expense on non-accumulating compensated absences is recognized in the period in which the absences occur.

1.12 Share-based payments

The Company accounts for equity settled stock options as per the accounting treatment prescribed by Securities and Exchange Board of India (share-based employee benefits) Regulations, 2014 and the Guidance Note on Employee Share-based Payments issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India using the intrinsic value method.

1.13 Foreign currency transactions

Foreign-currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities are translated at exchange rates in effect at the Balance Sheet date. The gains or losses resulting from such translations are included in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Non-monetary assets and non-monetary liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and measured at fair value are translated at the exchange rate prevalent at the date when the fair value was determined. Non-monetary assets and non-monetary liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and measured at historical cost are translated at the exchange rate prevalent at the date of transaction. Revenue, expense and cash-flow items denominated in foreign currencies are translated using the exchange rate in effect on the date of the transaction. Transaction gains or losses realized upon settlement of foreign currency transactions are included in determining net profit for the period in which the transaction is settled.

1.14 Forward and options contracts in foreign currencies

The Company uses foreign exchange forward and options contracts to hedge its exposure to movements in foreign exchange rates. The use of these foreign exchange forward and options contracts reduce the risk or cost to the Company and the Company does not use those for trading or speculation purposes.

Effective April 1, 2008, the Company adopted AS 30, ''Financial Instruments : Recognition and Measurement'', to the extent that the adoption did not conflict with existing accounting standards and other authoritative pronouncements of the company law and other regulatory requirements.

Forward and options contracts are fair valued at each reporting date. The resultant gain or loss from these transactions are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss. The Company records the gain or loss on effective hedges, if any, in the foreign currency fluctuation reserve until the transactions are complete. On completion, the gain or loss is transferred to the Statement of Profit and Loss of that period. To designate a forward or options contract as an effective hedge, the Management objectively evaluates and evidences with appropriate supporting documents at the inception of each contract and subsequently whether the contract is effective in achieving offsetting cash flows attributable to the hedged risk. In the absence of a designation as effective hedge, a gain or loss is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Currently hedges undertaken by the Company are all ineffective in nature and the resultant gain or loss consequent to fair valuation is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss at each reporting date.

1.15 Income taxes

Income taxes are accrued in the same period that the related revenue and expenses arise. A provision is made for income tax, based on the tax liability computed, after considering tax allowances and exemptions. Provisions are recorded when it is estimated that a liability due to disallowances or other matters is probable. Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) paid in accordance with the tax laws, which gives rise to future economic benefits in the form of tax credit against future income tax liability, is recognized as an asset in the Balance Sheet if there is convincing evidence that the Company will pay normal tax after the tax holiday period and the resultant asset can be measured reliably. The Company offsets, on a year on year basis, the current tax assets and liabilities, where it has a legally enforceable right, and where it intends to settle such assets and liabilities on a net basis.

The differences that result between the profit considered for income taxes and the profit as per the financial statements are identified, and thereafter a deferred tax asset or deferred tax liability is recorded for timing differences, namely the differences that originate in one accounting period and reverse in another, based on the tax effect of the aggregate amount of timing difference. The tax effect is calculated on the accumulated timing differences at the end of an accounting period based on enacted or substantively enacted regulations. Deferred tax assets in situation where unabsorbed depreciation and carry forward business loss exists, are recognized only if there is virtual certainty supported by convincing evidence that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax asset can be realized. Deferred tax assets, other than in situation of unabsorbed depreciation and carry forward business loss, are recognized only if there is reasonable certainty that they will be realized. Deferred tax assets are reviewed for the appropriateness of their respective carrying values at each reporting date. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities have been offset wherever the Company has a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and where the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority. Tax benefits of deductions earned on exercise of employee share options in excess of compensation charged to Statement of Profit and Loss are credited to the securities premium reserve.

1.16 Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the net profit after tax by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing the profit after tax by the weighted average number of equity shares considered for deriving basic earnings per share and also the weighted average number of equity shares that could have been issued upon conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares. The diluted potential equity shares are adjusted for the proceeds receivable had the shares been actually issued at fair value which is the average market value of the outstanding shares. Dilutive potential equity shares are deemed converted as of the beginning of the period, unless issued at a later date. Dilutive potential equity shares are determined independently for each period presented.

The number of shares and potentially dilutive equity shares are adjusted retrospectively for all periods presented for any share splits and bonus shares issues, including for changes effected prior to the approval of the financial statements by the Board of Directors.

1.17 Investments

Trade investments are the investments made to enhance the Company''s business interests. Investments are either classified as current or long-term based on Management''s intention. Current investments are carried at the lower of cost and fair value of each investment individually. Cost for overseas investments comprises the Indian rupee value of the consideration paid for the investment translated at the exchange rate prevalent at the date of investment. Long-term investments are carried at cost less provisions recorded to recognize any decline, other than temporary, in the carrying value of each investment.

1.18 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash and cash on deposit with banks and corporations. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a remaining maturity at the date of purchase of three months or less and that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash to be cash equivalents.

1.19 Cash Flow Statement

Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby profit before tax is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments and item of income or expenses associated with investing or financing cash flows. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated.

1.20 Leases

Lease under which the Company assumes substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases. Such assets acquired are capitalized at fair value of the asset or present value of the minimum lease payments at the inception of the lease, whichever is lower. Lease payments under operating leases are recognized as an expense on a straight-line basis in the Statement of Profit and Loss over the lease term.


Mar 31, 2014

1.1 Basis of preparation of financial statements

The financial statements are prepared in accordance with the Indian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) under the historical cost convention on the accrual basis except for certain financial instruments which are measured at fair values. GAAP comprises mandatory accounting standards as prescribed by the Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules, 2006, the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 (to the extent notified), the Companies Act, 1956 (to the extent applicable), and guidelines issued by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Accounting policies have been consistently applied except where a newly issued accounting standard is initially adopted or a revision to an existing accounting standard requires a change in the accounting policy hitherto in use.

1.2 Use of estimates

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported balances of assets and liabilities and disclosures relating to contingent liabilities as at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of income and expenses during the period. Examples of such estimates include computation of percentage of completion which requires the Company to estimate the efforts or costs expended to date as a proportion of the total efforts or costs to be expended, provisions for doubtful debts, future obligations under employee retirement benefit plans, income taxes, post-sales customer support and the useful lives of fixed tangible assets and intangible assets.

Accounting estimates could change from period to period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Appropriate changes in estimates are made as the Management becomes aware of changes in circumstances surrounding the estimates. Changes in estimates are reflected in the financial statements in the period in which changes are made and, if material, their effects are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements.

1.3 Revenue recognition

Revenue is primarily derived from software development and related services and from the licensing of software products. Arrangements with customers for software development and related services are either on a fixed-price, fixed-timeframe or on a time-and-material basis.

Revenue on time-and-material contracts are recognized as the related services are performed, and revenue from the end of the last billing to the Balance Sheet date is recognized as unbilled revenues. Revenue from fixed-price and fixed-timeframe contracts, where there is no uncertainty as to measurement or collectability of consideration, is recognized based upon the percentage of completion method. When there is uncertainty as to measurement or ultimate collectability, revenue recognition is postponed until such uncertainty is resolved. Cost and earnings in excess of billings are classified as unbilled revenue while billings in excess of cost and earnings are classified as unearned revenue. Provision for estimated losses, if any, on uncompleted contracts are recorded in the period in which such losses become probable based on the current estimates.

Annual Technical Services revenue and revenue from fixed-price maintenance contracts are recognized ratably over the period in which services are rendered. Revenue from the sale of user licenses for software applications is recognized on transfer of the title in the user license, except in case of multiple element contracts, which require significant implementation services, where revenue for the entire arrangement is recognized over the implementation period based upon the percentage of completion method. Revenue from client training, support and other services arising due to the sale of software products is recognized as the related services are performed.

The Company accounts for volume discounts and pricing incentives to customers as a reduction of revenue based on the ratable allocation of the discount / incentive amount to each of the underlying revenue transactions that result in progress by the customer towards earning the discount / incentive. Also, when the level of discount varies with increases in levels of revenue transactions, the Company recognizes the liability based on its estimate of the customer''s future purchases. If it is probable that the criteria for the discount will not be met, or if the amount thereof cannot be estimated reliably, then discount is not recognized until the payment is probable and the amount can be estimated reliably. The Company recognizes changes in the estimated amount of obligations for discounts using a cumulative catchup approach. The discounts are passed on to the customer either as direct payments or as a reduction of payments due from the customer.

The Company presents revenues net of indirect taxes in its Statement of Profit and Loss.

Profit on sale of investments is recorded on transfer of title from the Company and is determined as the difference between the sale price and carrying value of the investment. Lease rentals are recognized ratably on a straight line basis over the lease term. Interest is recognized using the time-proportion method, based on rates implicit in the transaction. Dividend income is recognized when the Company''s right to receive dividend is established.

1.4 Provisions and contingent liabilities

A provision is recognized if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are determined by the best estimate of the outflow of economic benefits required to settle the obligation at the reporting date. Where no reliable estimate can be made, a disclosure is made as contingent liability. A disclosure for a contingent liability is also made when there is a possible obligation or a present obligation that may, but probably will not, require an outflow of resources. Where there is a possible obligation or a present obligation in respect of which the likelihood of outflow of resources is remote, no provision or disclosure is made.

1.5 Post-sales client support and warranties

The Company provides its clients with a fixed-period warranty for corrections of errors and telephone support on all its fixed-price, fixed-timeframe contracts. Costs associated with such support services are accrued at the time when related revenues are recorded and included in the Statement of Profit and Loss. The Company estimates such costs based on historical experience and the estimates are reviewed annually for any material changes in assumptions.

1.6 Onerous contracts

Provisions for onerous contracts are recognized when the expected benefits to be derived by the Company from a contract are lower than the unavoidable costs of meeting the future obligations under the contract. The provision is measured at lower of the expected cost of terminating the contract and the expected net cost of fulfilling the contract.

1.7 Tangible assets, intangible assets and capital work-in-progress

Fixed assets are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and impairment, if any. Direct costs are capitalized until fixed assets are ready for use. Capital work-in-progress comprises the cost of fixed assets that are not yet ready for their intended use at the reporting date. Intangible assets are recorded at the consideration paid for acquisition of such assets and are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment.

1.8 Depreciation and amortization

Depreciation on fixed assets is provided on the straight-line method over the useful lives of assets estimated by the Management. Depreciation for assets purchased / sold during a period is proportionately charged. Individual low cost assets (acquired for Rs. 5,000/- or less) are depreciated over a period of one year from the date of acquisition. Intangible assets are amortized over their respective individual estimated useful lives on a straight-line basis, commencing from the date the asset is available to the Company for its use. The Management estimates the useful lives for the other fixed assets as follows :

Depreciation and amortization methods, useful lives and residual values are reviewed at each reporting date.

1.9 Impairment

The Management periodically assesses using, external and internal sources, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. An impairment loss is recognized wherever the carrying value of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount. The recoverable amount is higher of the asset''s net selling price and value in use, which means the present value of future cash flows is expected to arise from the continuing use of the asset and its eventual disposal. An impairment loss for an asset is reversed if, and only if, the reversal can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognized. The carrying amount of an asset is increased to its revised recoverable amount, provided that this amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of any accumulated amortization or depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years.

1.10 Retirement benefits to employees

Gratuity

The Company provides for gratuity, a defined benefit retirement plan (''the Gratuity Plan'') covering eligible employees. The Gratuity Plan provides a lump-sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death, incapacitation or termination of employment, of an amount based on the respective employee''s salary and the tenure of employment with the Company.

Liabilities with regard to the Gratuity Plan are determined by actuarial valuation at each Balance Sheet date using the projected unit credit method. The Company fully contributes all ascertained liabilities to the Infosys Limited Employees'' Gratuity Fund Trust (the Trust). Trustees administer contributions made to the Trust and contributions are invested in specific investments as permitted by the law. The Company recognizes the net obligation of the gratuity plan in the Balance Sheet as an asset or liability, respectively in accordance with Accounting Standard (AS) 15, ''Employee Benefits''. The Company''s overall expected long-term rate-of-return on assets has been determined based on consideration of available market information, current provisions of Indian law specifying the instruments in which investments can be made, and historical returns. The discount rate is based on the Government securities yield. Actuarial gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they arise.

Superannuation

Certain employees of Infosys are also participants in the superannuation plan (''the Plan'') which is a defined contribution plan. The Company has no obligations to the Plan beyond its monthly contributions.

Provident fund

Eligible employees receive benefits from a provident fund, which is a defined benefit plan. Both the employee and the Company make monthly contributions to the Provident Fund Plan equal to a specified percentage of the covered employee''s salary. The Company contributes a part of the contributions to the Infosys Limited Employees'' Provident Fund Trust. The remaining portion is contributed to the government administered pension fund. The rate at which the annual interest is payable to the beneficiaries by the Trust is being administered by the government. The Company has an obligation to make good the shortfall, if any, between the return from the investments of the Trust and the notified interest rate.

Compensated absences

The employees of the Company are entitled to compensated absences which are both accumulating and non-accumulating in nature. The expected cost of accumulating compensated absences is determined by actuarial valuation based on the additional amount expected to be paid as a result of the unused entitlement that has accumulated at the Balance Sheet date. Expense on non-accumulating compensated absences is recognized in the period in which the absences occur.

1.11 Research and development

Research costs are expensed as incurred. Software product development costs are expensed as incurred unless technical and commercial feasibility of the project is demonstrated, future economic benefits are probable, the Company has an intention and ability to complete and use or sell the software, and the costs can be measured reliably.

1.12 Foreign currency transactions

Foreign-currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities are translated at exchange rates in effect at the Balance Sheet date. The gains or losses resulting from such translations are included in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Non-monetary assets and non-monetary liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and measured at fair value are translated at the exchange rate prevalent at the date when the fair value was determined. Non-monetary assets and non-monetary liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and measured at historical cost are translated at the exchange rate prevalent at the date of transaction.

Revenue, expense and cash-flow items denominated in foreign currencies are translated using the exchange rate in effect on the date of the transaction. Transaction gains or losses realized upon settlement of foreign currency transactions are included in determining net profit for the period in which the transaction is settled.

1.13 Forward and options contracts in foreign currencies

The Company uses foreign exchange forward and options contracts to hedge its exposure to movements in foreign exchange rates. The use of these foreign exchange forward and options contracts reduce the risk or cost to the Company, and the Company does not use those for trading or speculation purposes.

Effective April 1, 2008, the Company adopted AS 30, ''Financial Instruments : Recognition and Measurement'', to the extent that the adoption did not conflict with existing accounting standards and other authoritative pronouncements of the Company Law and other regulatory requirements.

Forward and options contracts are fair valued at each reporting date. The resultant gain or loss from these transactions are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss. The Company records the gain or loss on effective hedges, if any, in the foreign currency fluctuation reserve until the transactions are complete. On completion, the gain or loss is transferred to the Statement of Profit and Loss of that period. To designate a forward or options contract as an effective hedge, the Management objectively evaluates and evidences with appropriate supporting documents at the inception of each contract whether the contract is effective in achieving offsetting cash flows attributable to the hedged risk. In the absence of a designation as effective hedge, a gain or loss is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Currently hedges undertaken by the Company are all ineffective in nature and the resultant gain or loss consequent to fair valuation is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss at each reporting date.

1.14 Income taxes

Income taxes are accrued in the same period that the related revenue and expenses arise. A provision is made for income tax annually, based on the tax liability computed, after considering tax allowances and exemptions. Provisions are recorded when it is estimated that a liability due to disallowances or other matters is probable. Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) paid in accordance with the tax laws, which gives rise to future economic benefits in the form of tax credit against future income tax liability, is recognized as an asset in the Balance Sheet if there is convincing evidence that the Company will pay normal tax after the tax holiday period and the resultant asset can be measured reliably. The Company offsets, on a year on year basis, the current tax assets and liabilities, where it has a legally enforceable right and where it intends to settle such assets and liabilities on a net basis.

The differences that result between the profit considered for income taxes and the profit as per the financial statements are identified, and thereafter a deferred tax asset or deferred tax liability is recorded for timing differences, namely the differences that originate in one accounting period and reverse in another, based on the tax effect of the aggregate amount of timing difference. The tax effect is calculated on the accumulated timing differences at the end of an accounting period based on enacted or substantively enacted regulations. Deferred tax assets in situation where unabsorbed depreciation and carry forward business loss exists, are recognized only if there is virtual certainty supported by convincing evidence that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax asset can be realized. Deferred tax assets, other than in situation of unabsorbed depreciation and carry forward business loss, are recognized only if there is reasonable certainty that they will be realized. Deferred tax assets are reviewed for the appropriateness of their respective carrying values at each reporting date. Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities have been offset wherever the Company has a legally enforceable right to set off current tax assets against current tax liabilities and where the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities relate to income taxes levied by the same taxation authority. Tax benefits of deductions earned on exercise of employee share options in excess of compensation charged to the Statement of Profit and Loss are credited to the share premium account.

1.15 Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the net profit after tax by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing the profit after tax by the weighted average number of equity shares considered for deriving basic earnings per share and also the weighted average number of equity shares that could have been issued upon conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares. The diluted potential equity shares are adjusted for the proceeds receivable had the shares been actually issued at fair value which is the average market value of the outstanding shares. Dilutive potential equity shares are deemed converted as of the beginning of the period, unless issued at a later date. Dilutive potential equity shares are determined independently for each period presented.

The number of shares and potentially dilutive equity shares are adjusted retrospectively for all periods presented for any share splits and bonus shares issues including for changes effected prior to the approval of the financial statements by the Board of Directors.

1.16 Investments

Trade investments are the investments made to enhance the Company''s business interests. Investments are either classified as current or long-term based on the Management''s intention. Current investments are carried at the lower of cost and fair value of each investment individually. Cost for overseas investments comprises the Indian rupee value of the consideration paid for the investment translated at the exchange rate prevalent at the date of investment. Long-term investments are carried at cost less provisions recorded to recognize any decline, other than temporary, in the carrying value of each investment.

1.17 Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash and cash on deposit with banks and corporations. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a remaining maturity at the date of purchase of three months or less and that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash to be cash equivalents.

1.18 Cash Flow Statement

Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby profit before tax is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments and item of income or expenses associated with investing or financing cash flows. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated.

1.19 Leases

Lease under which the Company assumes substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases. Such assets acquired are capitalized at fair value of the asset or present value of the minimum lease payments at the inception of the lease, whichever is lower. Lease payments under operating leases are recognized as an expense on a straight line basis in the Statement of Profit and Loss over the lease term.


Mar 31, 2012

1. Company overview

Infosys Limited ('Infosys' or 'the Company') along with its majority- owned and controlled subsidiary, Infosys BPO Limited ('Infosys BPO') and wholly-owned and controlled subsidiaries, Infosys Technologies (Australia) Pty Limited ('Infosys Australia'), Infosys Technologies (China) Co. Limited ('Infosys China'), Infosys Consulting India Limited ('Infosys Consulting India'), Infosys Technologies S. de R. L. de C. V ('Infosys Mexico'), Infosys Technologies (Sweden) AB ('Infosys Sweden'), Infosys Tecnologia do Brasil Ltda ('Infosys Brasil'), Infosys Public Services Inc., U.S. ('Infosys Public Services') and Infosys Technologies (Shanghai) Co. Limited ('Infosys Shanghai') is a leading global technology services corporation. The Company provides business consulting, technology, engineering and outsourcing services to help clients build tomorrow's enterprise. In addition, the Company offers software products for the banking industry.

The abridged financial statements have been prepared pursuant to Rule 7A of the Companies (Central Government's) General Rules and Forms, 1956 and are based on the annual accounts for the year ended March 31, 2012.

(Note 1 in the Notes to Accounts of the annual standalone financial statements).


Mar 31, 2011

Company overview

Infosys Technologies Limited (Infosys or the Company) along with its majority-owned and controlled subsidiary, Infosys BPO Limited (Infosys BPO) and wholly-owned and controlled subsidiaries, Infosys Technologies (Australia) Pty. Limited (Infosys Australia), Infosys Technologies (China) Company Limited (Infosys China), Infosys Consulting Inc. (Infosys Consulting), Infosys Technologies S. de R. L. de C. V. (Infosys Mexico), Infosys Technologies (Sweden) AB. (Infosys Sweden), Infosys Tecnologia do Brasil Ltda. (Infosys Brasil), Infosys Public Services, Inc., U.S. (Infosys Public Services) and Infosys Technologies (Shanghai) Company Limited (Infosys Shanghai) is a leading global technology services corporation. The Company provides end-to-end business solutions that leverage cutting-edge technology, thereby enabling clients to enhance business performance. The Company provides solutions that span the entire software lifecycle encompassing technical consulting, design, development, re-engineering, maintenance, systems integration, package evaluation and implementation, testing and infrastructure management services. In addition, the Company offers software products for the banking industry.

23.1. Significant accounting policies

23.1.1. Basis of preparation of financial statements

These financial statements are prepared in accordance with Indian Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) under the historical cost convention on the accrual basis except for certain financial instruments which are measured at fair values. GAAP comprises mandatory accounting standards as prescribed by the Companies (Accounting Standards) Rules, 2006, the provisions of the Companies Act, 1956 and guidelines issued by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). Accounting policies have been consistently applied except where a newly issued accounting standard is initially adopted or a revision to an existing accounting standard requires a change in the accounting policy hitherto in use.

23.1.2. Use of estimates

The preparation of the financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires the Management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported balances of assets and liabilities and disclosures relating to contingent liabilities as at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of income and expenses during the period. Examples of such estimates include computation of percentage of completion which requires the Company to estimate the efforts expended to date as a proportion of the total efforts to be expended, provisions for doubtful debts, future obligations under employee retirement benefit plans, income taxes, post-sales customer support and the useful lives of fixed assets and intangible assets.

Accounting estimates could change from period to period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Appropriate changes in estimates are made as the Management becomes aware of changes in circumstances surrounding the estimates. Changes in estimates are reflected in the financial statements in the period in which changes are made and, if material, their effects are disclosed in the notes to the financial statements.

The Management periodically assesses, using external and internal sources, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. An impairment loss is recognized wherever the carrying value of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount.

The recoverable amount is higher of the assets net selling price and value in use, which means the present value of future cash flows expected to arise from the continuing use of the asset and its eventual disposal. An impairment loss for an asset is reversed if, and only if, the reversal can be related objectively to an event occurring after the impairment loss was recognized. The carrying amount of an asset is increased to its revised recoverable amount, provided that this amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined (net of any accumulated amortization or depreciation) had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years.

23.1.3. Revenue recognition

Revenue is primarily derived from software development and related services and from the licensing of software products. Arrangements with customers for software development and related services are either on a fixed-price, fixed-timeframe or on a time-and-material basis.

Revenue on time-and-material contracts are recognized as the related services are performed and revenue from the end of the last billing to the Balance Sheet date is recognized as unbilled revenues. Revenue from fixed-price and fixed-timeframe contracts, where there is no uncertainty as to measurement or collectability of consideration, is recognized based upon the percentage of completion method. When there is uncertainty as to measurement or ultimate collectability, revenue recognition is postponed until such uncertainty is resolved. Cost and earnings in excess of billings are classified as unbilled revenue, while billings in excess of cost and earnings is classified as unearned revenue. Provision for estimated losses, if any, on uncompleted contracts are recorded in the period in which such losses become probable based on the current estimates.

Annual Technical Services revenue and revenue from fixed-price maintenance contracts are recognized ratably over the period in which services are rendered. Revenue from the sale of user licenses for software applications is recognized on transfer of the title in the user license, except in case of multiple element contracts, which require significant implementation services, where revenue for the entire arrangement is recognized over the implementation period based upon the percentage-of-completion. Revenue from client training, support and other services arising due to the sale of software products is recognized as the related services are performed.

The Company accounts for volume discounts and pricing incentives to customers as a reduction of revenue based on the ratable allocation of the discount / incentive amount to each of the underlying revenue transactions that result in progress by the customer towards earning the discount / incentive. Also, when the level of discount varies with increases in levels of revenue transactions, the Company recognizes the liability based on its estimate of the customers future purchases. If it is probable that the criteria for the discount will not be met, or if the amount thereof cannot be estimated reliably, then discount is not recognized until the payment is probable and the amount can be estimated reliably. The Company recognizes changes in the estimated amount of obligations for discounts using a cumulative catch-up approach. The discounts are passed on to the customer either as direct payments or as a reduction of payments due from the customer.

The Company presents revenues net of value-added taxes in its Profit and Loss account.

Profit on sale of investments is recorded on transfer of title from the Company and is determined as the difference between the sale price and carrying value of the investment. Lease rentals are recognized ratably on a straight line basis over the lease term. Interest is recognized using the time-proportion method, based on rates implicit in the transaction. Dividend income is recognized when the Companys right to receive dividend is established.

23.1.4. Provisions and contingent liabilities

A provision is recognized if, as a result of a past event, the Company has a present legal obligation that can be estimated reliably, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. Provisions are determined by the best estimate of the outflow of economic benefits required to settle the obligation at the reporting date. Where no reliable estimate can be made, a disclosure is made as contingent liability. A disclosure for a contingent liability is also made when there is a possible obligation or a present obligation that may, but probably will not, require an outflow of resources. Where there is a possible obligation or a present obligation in respect of which the likelihood of outflow of resources is remote, no provision or disclosure is made.

23.1.4.a. Post-sales client support and warranties

The Company provides its clients with a fixed-period warranty for corrections of errors and telephone support on all its fixed-price, fixed- timeframe contracts. Costs associated with such support services are accrued at the time when related revenues are recorded and included in cost of sales. The Company estimates such costs based on historical experience and the estimates are reviewed annually for any material changes in assumptions.

23.1.4.b. Onerous contracts

Provisions for onerous contracts are recognized when the expected benefits to be derived by the Company from a contract are lower than the unavoidable costs of meeting the future obligations under the contract. The provision is measured at lower of the expected cost of terminating the contract and the expected net cost of fulfilling the contract.

23.1.5. Fixed assets, intangible assets and capital work-in-progress

Fixed assets are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation and impairment, if any. Direct costs are capitalized until fixed assets are ready for use. Capital work-in-progress comprises outstanding advances paid to acquire fixed assets, and the cost of fixed assets that are not yet ready for their intended use at the reporting date. Intangible assets are recorded at the consideration paid for acquisition of such assets and are carried at cost less accumulated amortization and impairment.

23.1.7. Retirement benefits to employees 23.1.7.a. Gratuity

In accordance with the Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972, the Company provides for gratuity, a defined benefit retirement plan (the Gratuity Plan) covering eligible employees.

The Gratuity Plan provides a lump sum payment to vested employees at retirement, death, incapacitation or termination of employment, of an amount based on the respective employees salary and the tenure of employment with the Company.

Liabilities with regard to the Gratuity Plan are determined by actuarial valuation at each Balance Sheet date using the projected unit credit method. The Company fully contributes all ascertained liabilities to the Infosys Technologies Limited Employees Gratuity Fund Trust (the Trust). Trustees administer contributions made to the Trust and contributions are invested in specific investments as permitted by the law. The Company recognizes the net obligation of the Gratuity Plan in the Balance Sheet as an asset or liability, respectively in accordance with Accounting Standard (AS) 15, Employee Benefits. The Companys overall expected long-term rate-of-return on assets has been determined based on consideration of available market information, current provisions of Indian law specifying the instruments in which investments can be made, and historical returns. The discount rate is based on the government securities yield. Actuarial gains and losses arising from experience adjustments and changes in actuarial assumptions are recognized in the Profit and Loss account in the period in which they arise.

23.1.7.b. Superannuation

Certain employees of Infosys are also participants in the superannuation plan (the Plan) which is a defined contribution plan. The Company has no obligations to the Plan beyond its monthly contributions.

23.1.7.c. Provident fund

Eligible employees receive benefits from a provident fund, which is a defined benefit plan. Both the employee and the Company make monthly contributions to the provident fund plan equal to a specified percentage of the covered employees salary. The Company contributes a part of the contributions to the Infosys Technologies Limited Employees Provident Fund Trust. The remaining portion is contributed to the government administered pension fund. The rate at which the annual interest is payable to the beneficiaries by the trust is administered by the government. The Company has an obligation to make good the shortfall, if any, between the return from the investments of the Trust and the notified interest rate.

23.1.7.d. Compensated absences

The employees of the Company are entitled to compensated absences which are both accumulating and non-accumulating in nature. The expected cost of accumulating compensated absences is determined by actuarial valuation based on the additional amount expected to be paid as a result of the unused entitlement that has accumulated at the Balance Sheet date. Expense on non-accumulating compensated absences is recognized in the period in which the absences occur.

23.1.8. Research and development

Research costs are expensed as incurred. Software product development costs are expensed as incurred unless technical and commercial feasibility of the project is demonstrated, future economic benefits are probable, the Company has an intention and ability to complete and use or sell the software and the costs can be measured reliably.

23.1.9. Foreign currency transactions

Foreign-currency denominated monetary assets and liabilities are translated at exchange rates in effect at the Balance Sheet date. The gains or losses resulting from such translations are included in the Profit and Loss account. Non-monetary assets and non-monetary liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and measured at fair value are translated at the exchange rate prevalent at the date when the fair value was determined. Non-monetary assets and non-monetary liabilities denominated in a foreign currency and measured at historical cost are translated at the exchange rate prevalent at the date of transaction.

Revenue, expense and cash-flow items denominated in foreign currencies are translated using the exchange rate in effect on the date of the transaction. Transaction gains or losses realized upon settlement of foreign currency transactions are included in determining net profit for the period in which the transaction is settled.

23.1.10. Forward and options contracts in foreign currencies

The Company uses foreign exchange forward and options contracts to hedge its exposure to movements in foreign exchange rates. The use of these foreign exchange forward and options contracts reduce the risk or cost to the Company and the Company does not use those for trading or speculation purposes.

Effective April 1, 2008, the Company adopted AS 30, Financial Instruments : Recognition and Measurement, to the extent that the adoption did not conflict with existing accounting standards and other authoritative pronouncements of the Company Law and other regulatory requirements.

Forward and options contracts are fair valued at each reporting date. The resultant gain or loss from these transactions are recognized in the Profit and Loss account. The Company records the gain or loss on effective hedges, if any, in the foreign currency fluctuation reserve until the transactions are complete. On completion, the gain or loss is transferred to the Profit and Loss account of that period. To designate a forward or options contract as an effective hedge, the Management objectively evaluates and evidences with appropriate supporting documents at the inception of each contract whether the contract is effective in achieving offsetting cash flows attributable to the hedged risk. In the absence of a designation as effective hedge, a gain or loss is recognized in the Profit and Loss account. Currently hedges undertaken by the Company are all ineffective in nature and the resultant gain or loss consequent to fair valuation is recognized in the Profit and Loss account at each reporting date.

23.1.11. Income taxes

Income taxes are accrued in the same period that the related revenue and expenses arise. A provision is made for income tax annually, based on the tax liability computed, after considering tax allowances and exemptions. Provisions are recorded when it is estimated that a liability due to disallowances or other matters is probable. Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT) paid in accordance with the tax laws, which gives rise to future economic benefits in the form of tax credit against future income tax liability, is recognized as an asset in the Balance Sheet if there is convincing evidence that the Company will pay normal tax after the tax holiday period and the resultant asset can be measured reliably. The Company offsets, on a year on year basis, the current tax assets and liabilities, where it has a legally enforceable right and where it intends to settle such assets and liabilities on a net basis.

The differences that result between the profit considered for income taxes and the profit as per the financial statements are identified, and thereafter a deferred tax asset or deferred tax liability is recorded for timing differences, namely the differences that originate in one accounting period and reverse in another, based on the tax effect of the aggregate amount of timing difference. The tax effect is calculated on the accumulated timing differences at the end of an accounting period based on enacted or substantively enacted regulations. Deferred tax assets in situation where unabsorbed depreciation and carry forward business loss exists, are recognized only if there is virtual certainty supported by convincing evidence that sufficient future taxable income will be available against which such deferred tax asset can be realized. Deferred tax assets, other than in situation of unabsorbed depreciation and carry forward business loss, are recognized only if there is reasonable certainty that they will be realized. Deferred tax assets are reviewed for the appropriateness of their respective carrying values at each reporting date. Tax benefits of deductions earned on exercise of employee share options in excess of compensation charged to Profit and Loss account are credited to the share premium account.

23.1.12. Earnings per share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the net profit after tax by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed by dividing the net profit after tax by the weighted average number of equity shares considered for deriving basic earnings per share and also the weighted average number of equity shares that could have been issued upon conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares. The diluted potential equity shares are adjusted for the proceeds receivable had the shares been actually issued at fair value which is the average market value of the outstanding shares. Dilutive potential equity shares are deemed converted as of the beginning of the period, unless issued at a later date. Dilutive potential equity shares are determined independently for each period presented.

The number of shares and potentially dilutive equity shares are adjusted retrospectively for all periods presented for any share splits and bonus shares issues including for changes effected prior to the approval of the financial statements by the Board of Directors.

23.1.13. Investments

Trade investments are the investments made to enhance the Companys business interests. Investments are either classified as current or long-term based on Managements intention at the time of purchase. Current investments are carried at the lower of cost and fair value of each investment individually. Cost for overseas investments comprises the Indian rupee value of the consideration paid for the investment translated at the exchange rate prevalent at the date of investment. Long-term investments are carried at cost less provisions recorded to recognize any decline, other than temporary, in the carrying value of each investment.

23.1.14. Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents comprise cash and cash on deposit with banks and corporations. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a remaining maturity at the date of purchase of three months or less and that are readily convertible to known amounts of cash to be cash equivalents.

23.1.15. Cash Flow statement

Cash flows are reported using the indirect method, whereby net profit before tax is adjusted for the effects of transactions of a non-cash nature, any deferrals or accruals of past or future operating cash receipts or payments and item of income or expenses associated with investing or financing cash flows. The cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities of the Company are segregated.

23.1.16. Leases

Lease under which the Company assumes substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership are classified as finance leases. Such assets acquired are capitalized at fair value of the asset or present value of the minimum lease payments at the inception of the lease, whichever is lower. Lease payments under operating leases are recognized as an expense on a straight line basis in the Profit and Loss account over the lease term.


Mar 31, 2010

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